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human biology year 11 > Topic Test T2 Wk2 (digestion & excretion) > Flashcards

Topic Test T2 Wk2 (digestion & excretion) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Digestive System Functions

A 
Ingestion of food 
Absorption of digested food 
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Elimination of waste
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2
Q

Mouth

A

Mechanical Digestion: teeth and tongue undertake chewing

Chemical Digestion: salivary amylase breaks down carbohydrates

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3
Q

Swallowing

A

Tongue forms food into bolus

Peristalsis carries bolus into stomach through waves of muscle contraction

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4
Q

Stomach

A

Mechanical Digestion: muscular churning producing chyme
Chemical Digestion: protein into amino acids through gastric juices containing gastric protease
Leaves stomach via pyloric sphincter

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5
Q

Duodenum

A

Mechanical Digestion: contraction
Mechanical Digestion: lipid emulsification by bile (breaking up)
Chemical Digestion: through pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase and protease

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6
Q

Small Intestine

A

Contain finger like projections called villi

Increases surface area for nutrient absorption

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7
Q

Enzymes in SI

A

Intestinal Amylase
Intestinal Lipase
Intestinal Protease

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8
Q

Absorption in SI

A

Glucose, amino acids, water, minerals are absorbed into blood capillaries
Fatty acids and glycerol absorbed into lacteals in the lymphatic system

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9
Q

Large Intestine

A

No villi, no enzymes

Water and vitamin absorption

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10
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile

Bile is stored in gall bladder and carried to duodenum

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11
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes pancreatic juice into duodenum

Controls blood insulin levels

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12
Q

Rectum and Anus

A

Faecal storage and defecation

Anal sphincter muscles open allowing waste to be expelled

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13
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Breakdown of food into smaller particles without changing its chemical makeup

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14
Q

Teeth

A

4x incisors
2x canines
4x premolars
6x molars

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15
Q

Incisors

A

Chisel shaped for cutting and biting

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16
Q

Canines

A

Cone shaped for tearing

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17
Q

Premolars and molars

A

Broad crown with rounded cusps, for grinding and crushing

18
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules with a different chemical structure
Involves enzyme

19
Q

Breakdown of carbohydrates

A

In the mouth
Broken down by salivary amylase
Then broken down in the duodenum by pancreatic amylase
Then broken down by intestinal amylase

20
Q

Breakdown of protein

A

Broken down in stomach by gastric protease

Continues in duodenum with pancreatic protease breaking dipeptides to peptides

21
Q

Breakdown of lipids

A

First emulsified by bile salts in the duodenum via mechanical
Broken down by intestinal lipases

22
Q

Villi

A

Finger like projections
Hold microvilli
Create large surface area

23
Q

What is a Absorbed?

A

The glucose and amino acids pass into blood capillary of villi
They go to liver in hepatic portal vein and continue in circulatory system
Fatty acids and glycerol go into lymphatic vessels in villi called lacteals

24
Q

Water Absorption

A

Occurs in colon (large intestine)

25
Q

Defacation

A

Undigested waste is stored in rectum until sphincter opens and is expelled through anus

26
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of harmful byproducts of metabolism by the body

27
Q

Kidney has….

A

3 layers cortex, medulla and renal pelvis

28
Q

Cortex

A

Dark brown outer layer

Contains renal columns which provide into medulla

29
Q

Medulla

A

Darker middle layer

Contains triangular structures called renal pyramids

30
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

Edge contains cup like extensions called major calyces
Each subs divides into several
Each surround the tip of the renal pyramid

31
Q

Nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron
Produce urine and filter blood
Begins in cortex

32
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

Consists of a double walled cup that surrounds a knot of capillaries

33
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Connected to proximal convoluted tubule is a hairpin loop which passes into a pyramid in medulla
Tube heading down- descending limb of loop of henle
Tube heading up- ascending limb

34
Q

Distal Convoluted tubule

A

Twisted tube attached to ascending limb of loop of henle

35
Q

Blood Supply

A

Blood enters kidney through renal artery, branches into arterioles into glomerulus
Blood leaves glomerulus via afferent arteriole

36
Q

Three stages of urine production

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

37
Q

Filtration

A
  1. Blood enters kidney via renal artery
  2. Afferent arterioles lead to capillaries of glomerulus
  3. Water and dissolved substances filter out of the blood into glomerular capsule
  4. Fluid carried via efferent arteriole to proximal convoluted tube
38
Q

Reabsorption

A

Substances move fork renal tubules to capillaries
Water, glucose, sodium ions etc are reabsorbed
Reabsorption begins in proximal convoluted tubules and continues in loop of henle etc

39
Q

Secretion

A

Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia and certain drugs out of the blood into kidney tubules.
Where they eventually are eliminated in urine
(Occurs in distal convoluted tubules)

40
Q

Excretion

A

Urine is carried to calyces to ureters to the bladder and the exterior bus urethra

41
Q

Factors affecting urine composition

A

Exercise
Environment
Diet
Alcohol

42
Q

Deamination

A

Stripping of nitrogen from amino acids and nitrogen bases
Conversion of excess amino acids into urea
Nitrogen is toxic to human body must be removed
Occurs in liver

human biology year 11 (4 decks)

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