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Human Biology Year 11 > Topic Test T2 W4 (musculoskeletal system) > Flashcards

Topic Test T2 W4 (musculoskeletal system) Flashcards

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1
Q

Joint Types

A

Fibrous Joints= Skull
Cartilaginous Joints= Ribs and Sternum
Synovial Joints= Most Joints

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2
Q

Gliding Joint

A

Allows sideways gliding only

Joints of vertebrae

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3
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Allows forward, backward, and sideways movement

Located in thumbs

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4
Q

Hinge Joints

A

Allows only bending and straightening movement

Knees or elbows

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5
Q

Pivot Joints

A 
Allow limited rotating movements 
Neck joints (vertebrae)
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6
Q

Ellipsoidal Joints

A

All types of movement except pivotal

Wrist Joints

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7
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

Allow backward, forward, sideways, rotating movements

Shoulder and hip joints

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8
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Description: Collagen fibres chondroblasts produce the matrix
Function: flexible, supports and reinforces. Resists compressive stress
Location: Ribs, nose, trachea, larynx

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9
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Description: matrix with elastic as well as collagen fibres
Function: maintains shape of structure while allowing great flexibility
Location: external ear and epiglottis

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10
Q

Fibro Cartilage

A

Description: rows of thick collagen fibres alternating with rows of chondrocytes
Function: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
Location: meniscus and intervertebral discs

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11
Q

Cartilage Cells

A

Chondrocytes

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12
Q

Muscles

A

Tissue required for movement (involuntary or voluntary movements)

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13
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Attached to the skeleton via tendons, required for voluntary movements of body
e.g lifting arm

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14
Q

Origin

A

Attached to the bone and doesn’t move during movement

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15
Q

Insertion

A

Attached to the bone and does move during movement

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16
Q

Synergist/Fixator

A

Muscles that steady a joint during other movements preventing unwanted movements

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17
Q

Myofibrils (muscle fibres)

A

Made of myofilaments which are made of protein

Two filament types that are myosin and actin

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18
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Where nerves meet muscle

Synaptic knob of neutron fits into a depression on the muscle fibre wall called the muscle end plate

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19
Q

Sliding Filament Model

A

How muscles contract
Actin filaments sliding over myosin filaments
Nerve impulse causes calcium ions to be released within the muscle which connect actin producing binding site
Myosin attaches to actin
Myosin drag actin towards sarcomere centre
Shortens sarcomere creates movement

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20
Q

Functions of skeleton

A 
Support
Storage areas (fats)
Movement 
Protection
Blood cell production
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21
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Central Axis
Main support for erect posture
Protects the organs of the thorax
Includes skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

22
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Consists of vertebrae
Encloses and protects spinal cord
Supports the head

23
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Bones of upper and lower limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles

24
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

2x Scapula and Clavicle
Attached to the axial skeleton at the sternum
Allows wide range of movement

25
Q

Upper limbs

A 
Humerus 
Radius 
Ulna 
Carpals 
Metacarpals
Phalanges
26
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

Supports weight of body

Consists of ilium, pubis, ischium

27
Q

Lower limbs

A

femur
Tibia
Fibula
Patella

28
Q

Compact Bone

A

Rigid bone that makes up outside of the long bone

29
Q

Spongy Bone (cancellous)

A

Porous bone that makes up the central regions of the bone

It’s large spaces are filled with red bone marrow

30
Q

Diaphysis (long bone)

A

Shaft of the bone

Made of compact bone

31
Q

Medullary Cavity (long bone)

A

Cavity inside the diaphysis

Contains yellow marrow

32
Q

Yellow Marrow (long bone)

A

Storage of fats to use in extreme situation

33
Q

Epiphysis

A

Enlarged ends of the bone

Articular Cartilage covers ends

34
Q

Epiphyseal Plate (long bone)

A

Where bones grow from

Plate fuses once grow is complete

35
Q

Periosteum (long bone)

A

White fibrous layer surrounds bone

Contains nerves and blood vessels

36
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells

37
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

38
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone degrading cells

39
Q

Trabeculae

A

Mesh work of bony plates making up spongy bone

40
Q

Haversian Canal

A

Canal at centre of osteon

Contains a blood vessel, a nerve, and a lymph vessel

41
Q

Volkmanns Canal

A

Haversian canals are interconnected via volkmanns

Contain a blood vessel, lymph vessel and a nerve

42
Q

Lamellae

A

Layers of matrix formed around haversian

Osteoblasts between each lamellae

43
Q

Lacunae

A

Fluid filled cavities within lamellae

Contain osteocytes

44
Q

Canaliculi

A

Interconnecting canals joining lacunae to each other and to the Haversian canal

45
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bones become more brittle and fragile increasing the risk of fracture

46
Q

Osteoporosis (Causes)

A 
Bones losing minerals faster than body can replace 
Hereditary factors
Medicines 
Vitamin deficiency 
Ageing
47
Q

Osteoporosis (symptoms)

A

Fractured bones
Bone density decreases
Bone deformation

48
Q

Osteoporosis (treatment)

A

Vitamin D

Calcium

49
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Articular Cartilage is lost causing degeneration of the Joint

50
Q

Osteoarthritis (causes)

A

Cartilage degenerates and is lost from the joint.

This is caused by a build up of water in the cartilage due to aging

51
Q

Osteoarthritis (symptoms)

A 
Pain
•Stiffness (particularly in the morning)
•Swelling
•Joints that are warm to touch
•Grinding in joint
•Limited movement
•Bony knobs near joints.
52
Q

Osteoarthritis (treatment)

A

Weight loss and exercise –strengthens muscles and can stimulate cartilage growth.

Vitamins C and E and – can prevent further loss.

Heat – relieves pain

Physiotherapy

Human Biology Year 11 (4 decks)

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