Topic Test T2 W4 (musculoskeletal system) Flashcards
Joint Types
Fibrous Joints= Skull
Cartilaginous Joints= Ribs and Sternum
Synovial Joints= Most Joints
Gliding Joint
Allows sideways gliding only
Joints of vertebrae
Saddle Joint
Allows forward, backward, and sideways movement
Located in thumbs
Hinge Joints
Allows only bending and straightening movement
Knees or elbows
Pivot Joints
Allow limited rotating movements Neck joints (vertebrae)
Ellipsoidal Joints
All types of movement except pivotal
Wrist Joints
Ball and Socket Joint
Allow backward, forward, sideways, rotating movements
Shoulder and hip joints
Hyaline Cartilage
Description: Collagen fibres chondroblasts produce the matrix
Function: flexible, supports and reinforces. Resists compressive stress
Location: Ribs, nose, trachea, larynx
Elastic Cartilage
Description: matrix with elastic as well as collagen fibres
Function: maintains shape of structure while allowing great flexibility
Location: external ear and epiglottis
Fibro Cartilage
Description: rows of thick collagen fibres alternating with rows of chondrocytes
Function: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
Location: meniscus and intervertebral discs
Cartilage Cells
Chondrocytes
Muscles
Tissue required for movement (involuntary or voluntary movements)
Skeletal Muscle
Attached to the skeleton via tendons, required for voluntary movements of body
e.g lifting arm
Origin
Attached to the bone and doesn’t move during movement
Insertion
Attached to the bone and does move during movement
Synergist/Fixator
Muscles that steady a joint during other movements preventing unwanted movements
Myofibrils (muscle fibres)
Made of myofilaments which are made of protein
Two filament types that are myosin and actin
Neuromuscular Junction
Where nerves meet muscle
Synaptic knob of neutron fits into a depression on the muscle fibre wall called the muscle end plate
Sliding Filament Model
How muscles contract
Actin filaments sliding over myosin filaments
Nerve impulse causes calcium ions to be released within the muscle which connect actin producing binding site
Myosin attaches to actin
Myosin drag actin towards sarcomere centre
Shortens sarcomere creates movement
Functions of skeleton
Support Storage areas (fats) Movement Protection Blood cell production
Axial Skeleton
Central Axis
Main support for erect posture
Protects the organs of the thorax
Includes skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
Vertebral Column
Consists of vertebrae
Encloses and protects spinal cord
Supports the head
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of upper and lower limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles
Pectoral Girdle
2x Scapula and Clavicle
Attached to the axial skeleton at the sternum
Allows wide range of movement
Upper limbs
Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges
Pelvic Girdle
Supports weight of body
Consists of ilium, pubis, ischium
Lower limbs
femur
Tibia
Fibula
Patella
Compact Bone
Rigid bone that makes up outside of the long bone
Spongy Bone (cancellous)
Porous bone that makes up the central regions of the bone
It’s large spaces are filled with red bone marrow
Diaphysis (long bone)
Shaft of the bone
Made of compact bone
Medullary Cavity (long bone)
Cavity inside the diaphysis
Contains yellow marrow
Yellow Marrow (long bone)
Storage of fats to use in extreme situation
Epiphysis
Enlarged ends of the bone
Articular Cartilage covers ends
Epiphyseal Plate (long bone)
Where bones grow from
Plate fuses once grow is complete
Periosteum (long bone)
White fibrous layer surrounds bone
Contains nerves and blood vessels
Osteoblasts
Bone building cells
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Osteoclasts
Bone degrading cells
Trabeculae
Mesh work of bony plates making up spongy bone
Haversian Canal
Canal at centre of osteon
Contains a blood vessel, a nerve, and a lymph vessel
Volkmanns Canal
Haversian canals are interconnected via volkmanns
Contain a blood vessel, lymph vessel and a nerve
Lamellae
Layers of matrix formed around haversian
Osteoblasts between each lamellae
Lacunae
Fluid filled cavities within lamellae
Contain osteocytes
Canaliculi
Interconnecting canals joining lacunae to each other and to the Haversian canal
Osteoporosis
Bones become more brittle and fragile increasing the risk of fracture
Osteoporosis (Causes)
Bones losing minerals faster than body can replace Hereditary factors Medicines Vitamin deficiency Ageing
Osteoporosis (symptoms)
Fractured bones
Bone density decreases
Bone deformation
Osteoporosis (treatment)
Vitamin D
Calcium
Osteoarthritis
Articular Cartilage is lost causing degeneration of the Joint
Osteoarthritis (causes)
Cartilage degenerates and is lost from the joint.
This is caused by a build up of water in the cartilage due to aging
Osteoarthritis (symptoms)
Pain •Stiffness (particularly in the morning) •Swelling •Joints that are warm to touch •Grinding in joint •Limited movement •Bony knobs near joints.
Osteoarthritis (treatment)
Weight loss and exercise –strengthens muscles and can stimulate cartilage growth.
Vitamins C and E and – can prevent further loss.
Heat – relieves pain
Physiotherapy
