Topic Test T1 Wk 6 (cells) Flashcards
Cell Membrane
Allows salutes to move between the cell and the external environment
Nucleus
Storage centre of cells DNA and manages cell functions
Cytoplasm
Surrounds the organelles contains nutrients
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Moves proteins within the cell, covered in ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Moves lipids around the cell, not covered in ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Received proteins from rER, and distributes them to other organelles around the cell
Mitochondria
Converts food into ATP (energy)
Lysosomes
Breaks down food particles, or worn out cells organelles
Vacuole
Temporary storage of water, oils and nutrients
Types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelial
- Forms the outer parts of skin
- lines hollow organs and ducts
- eg small intestine lining
- eg cuboidal cells
Connective
- provides support for the body
- helps to hold all body parts together
- cells are not close together
- separated by matrix
Muscular
- responds to stimuli, contracting or lengthening
- 3 types- skeletal, cardiac and involuntary
Nervous
- made of nerve cells (neurons)
- long projections
- send messages around body
- found in brain/spinal cord
- e.g neuron types - unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
Cell Respiration Equation (word)
Glucose + Oxygen = Water + Carbon Dioxide
Cell Respiration Equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H2O + 6CO2
Skeletal Muscles
Voluntary and striated
Cardiac
Involuntary and striated
Involuntary
Smooth and non striated
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external environment
Diffusion
Spreading out of particles so that they are evenly distributed
Concentration Gradient
The different in concentration that brings about diffusion
Enzymes
Proteins that catalyse specific chemical reactions without themselves being altered
Activation Energy
energy needed to start a chemical reaction, enzymes function by lowering activation energy
Co-Factors
Alter the shape of active site so enzymes can combine with other substrates
Lock and Key Model
- substrate attaches to the active site of enzymes
- chemical bonds weaken resulting in two or more new products
Catabolism
- Where complex substances are broken down into simpler ones
- releases energy
- eg cellular respiration
Anabolism
- Construct complex substances from simpler ones
- uses energy
- protein synthesis
Functions of membranes
- Regulate molecules that can enter and leave the cell
- active environment for chemical reactions
- receive messages on receptors
- cellular communication
Phospholipid
Membrane is made up of phospholipids and they create and phospholipid bilayer
Active Transport
The use of energy to move substances across a cell membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model
Model of cell membrane structure, proteins and phospholipid can move freely within the layer.
Protein Channels
- Proteins act as doors in the membrane
- channels to move specific molecules through cell membrane
Glycolysis
Breaks down one molecule of glucose to produce two molecules of pyruvate Yields 2 molecules of atp Takes place in cytoplasm Requires no oxygen Anaerobic process
Passive Transport
a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input.
Organic Compounds
Amino acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Oxygen
Semi Permeable Membrane
Cell membrane controls what goes in and out
Functions of cell membrane
Physical barrier
Regulation of the passage of materials
Sensitivity
Support
