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biology > topic one > Flashcards

topic one Flashcards

1
Q

why does high blood pressure lead to an increased risk of CVD

A
  • high blood pressure causes damage to the endothelium of the arteries
  • inflammatory response/build up of cholesterol leads to the formation of atheroma (fatty deposits)
  • plaque develops and forms and narrows the lumen of the artery
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2
Q

how the diet could affect CVD development

A
  • higher salt intake
  • which increases blood pressure
  • causes damage to endothelium of artery
  • high intake of cholesterol
  • high LDLs/saturated fats linked to atheroma/plaque formatiom
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3
Q

what reduces blood pressure

A

antihypertensives

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4
Q

risk factor of CVD

A

high blood pressure

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5
Q

role of LDL in development of athesclerosis

A
  • LDLS carry cholesterol in the blood
  • cholesterol is developed to form atheroma
  • in the endothelium of an artery
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6
Q

explain how athesclerosis can result in damage to heart muslce

A
  • narrowing of coronary arteries
  • which reduces blood flow / oxygen to the cardiac muscle
  • which reduces aerobic respiratiom
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7
Q

role of thrombin in blood clotting

A
  • thrombin is an enzyme
  • which catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
  • a mesh of fibrin traps platelets/red blood cells to form a clot
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8
Q

wjat do statins do

A

lower LDL / blood cholesterol

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9
Q

hpw can a blood clot form in the blood vessel

A
  • collagen is exposed when wall of blood vessel is damaged
  • leading to release of thromboplastin
  • thromboplastin catalyses conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
  • thrombin catalyses conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
  • fibrin forms a mesh of fibres and traps red blood cells to form a clot
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10
Q

how do platelet inhibitors decrease risk of heart attack

A
  • reduce risk of blood clots forming
  • therefore less likely that the coronary arteries wiwll be blcoked
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11
Q

role of antihypertensive drugs in reducing risks of athesclerosis

A
  • lowers blood pressure
  • reduces risk of dmage to endothelium of artery
  • reduced risk of inflammatory response
  • reduced risk of atheroma/plaque fromation
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12
Q

side effects of tsking drugs to reduce blood pressure

A
  • nausea
  • dizziness
  • muscle cramps
  • kidney failure
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13
Q

why are beta blcokers prescribed

A
  • reduce blood rpessure
  • reudces risk of athesclerosis/cvd
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14
Q

Why do atrioventricular valves need to close

A
  • ventricle needs to contract and force blood into the arteries
  • so valves need to close to prevent backflow into the atria on contraction
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15
Q

How do pressure differences in heart ensure efficient pumping of the blood into arteries

A
  • pressure increases in ventricles
  • greater pressure in ventricles than arteries
  • causing atrioventricular valves to close
  • causing semilunar valves to open/ forcing blood into arteries
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16
Q

What is the difference in thickness of the walls of the right atrium and the right ventricle

A
  • right atrium has less muscle
  • because it requires less blood pressure
  • right atrium pumps blood to right ventricle
  • right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
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17
Q

Why do high levels of energy/sugar lead to obesity

A

Energy intake higher than energy output
Excess energy stored as fat
Leading to weight gain
Obesity is indicated by BMI above 30

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18
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide

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19
Q

how would unsaturated fatty acids diagram be different to saturated one

A

unsaturated has:
double bond between carbon atoms
a kink in the fatty acid chain

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20
Q

how does glucose move itno cells

A

by faciliated diffusion
glucose binds to carrier protein
from high to low concentratin

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21
Q

structure of glycogen that allows it to be an energy store

A

polymer of glucose
to provide glucose for respiration
contains 1,6- glycosidic bonds for rapid hydrolosis
compact to allow large amount of glucose to be stored in a small space

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22
Q

compare and contrast structure of disaccharides with glycogen

A

both contain glucose nad both have glycosidic bonds
glycogen contians 1,4 nad 1,6 however disaccharides contain only one type of glycosdic bond
glycogen only contaisn glucose whereas disaccharides contain glucose and other monosaccharides

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23
Q

Describe the reaction that joins two alpha glucose molecules to form a disaccharide

A

Condensation
Water is formed

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24
Q

Maltose

A

Has alpha 1,4- linkage
Formed from two molecules of alpha glucose

25
Q

Amylose

A

Polysaccharide

26
Q

Difference between amylose and amylopectin

A

Amylose is unbranched and had only 1,4- glycosidic bonds
Amylopectin is branched and had 1,4 and 1,6- glycosidic bonds

27
Q

Starch can be broken down by

A

Hydrolysis reaction involving glycosidic bonds

28
Q

How do stucyured of amylopectin and glycogen make them suitable for storing energy

A

Branched so rapidly hydrolysed
Compact so more energy can be stored
Insoluble therefore does not affect mitosis
Molecules too large to diffuse across cell surface membrane

29
Q

Insect flight uses lots of energy. Advantage of insects storing glycogen

A

Glucose used in respiration to provide ATP
glycogen is a polymer of glucose
Glycogen has lots of branches/terminal ends so it can release glucose rapidly

30
Q

Lipoproteins are made of triglycerides. What is the effect of large quantities of lipoprotein on blood cholesterol levels

A

Increased blood cholesterol
Because triglyceride is saturated
It is an ldl
Lipoprotein transport cholesterol

31
Q

Bonds and reaction where two monosaccharides joined together to form disaccharide

A

Condensation and glycosidic

32
Q

Two monosaccharides produced when sucrose is broken down

A

Glucose and fructose

33
Q

how can an enzyme break down the polysaccharide part of mucopolysaccharides

A

hydrolisis of glycosidic bonds

34
Q

describe the structure of an unbranched polysaccharide

A

polysaccharides have only 1,4 glycosidic bonds
polysaccharide made up of so many monosacchardie components
joined together by condensation reactions/glycosidic bonds

35
Q

formation of glycogen from glucose

A

condensartion reaction frmging gkycosidic bonds

36
Q

properites of water that make it an ideal trasnport medium

A

cohesive, adhesive, univerasl solvent
water is a solvent
hydrogen bonds from between water and solute molecules
water is liquid so has the ability to flow

37
Q

sturcture of artery and its function

A

elastic fibres to allow strecthing to accomodate higher pressure
folded endothelium
smooth endothelium to reduce friction
narrow lumen to maintain high blood pressure
collagen to avoid damage

38
Q

ventricular systole

A

ventircles contract, av close, semilunar open

39
Q

atrial systole

A

atria contract, av open, blood flows in ventricles, semilunar close

40
Q

ester bonds are found in

A

lipids

41
Q

structure of veins and its function

A

valves to prevent backflow of blood
large lumen to reduce resistance to blood flow back to the heart
thin layer of muscular/elastic tissue to maintain blood pressure
smooth endothelium to reduce resistance to blood flow

42
Q

ester bond on triglyceride

A

cooo

43
Q

how do blood tests and obesity indicator predict risk of developing cvd

A

bmi above 30. increased risk of developing it. high cholesterol. increased risk

44
Q

ficks law

A

rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to distance for diffusion. directly proportional to surface area

45
Q

how are lungs adapted for gas exchange

A

many alveoli giving large sa
one cell thick walls
high conc gradient maintained by ventilation
extensive capilarry network proviidng large sa for gas exchange

46
Q

why do people with emphysema get air with more oxygen

A

need a larger conc gradient
to maintain rate of diffusion

47
Q

is glucose soluble/insoluble

A

soluble

48
Q

what contains nitrogefn

A

protein

49
Q

how does athesclerosis in one part of the artery increase likelihood of it developing in another part of the same artery

A

increases blood pressure. narrows lumen

50
Q

specific adaptation of artery to maintain blood pressure

A

muscle allows constrictrion of lumen

51
Q

fibrous proteins examples

A

keratin, collagen, fibrin, elastin

52
Q

1micrometer

A

1000nm

53
Q

1mm

A

1000micrometer

54
Q

Explain why emphysema affects the rate of gas exchange

A

Reduces rate of gas exchange
Due to reduced rate of diffusion
Smaller surface area
Greater distance for diffusion
SA is directly proportional to rate of diffusion/ distance is inversely proportional to rate of diffusion Smaller surface

55
Q

Compare and contrast the structure of triglyceride and phospholipid

A

Both contain glycerol /fatty acid chains
Both contain ester bonds
Triglycerides contain 3 fatty acid chains while phospholipids have 2
Phospholipids contain a phosphate group

56
Q

Ethanol as reagent

A

Disrupts membrane
More pigment diffuses through membrane

57
Q

why can’t it be broken down

A

shape of molecule changes
not complementary to active site
enzyme-substrate complex can’t form

58
Q

Explain how the structure of a phospholipid molecule contributes to the
partial permeability of a cell surface membrane.

A

contains a {polar / hydrophilic}
(phosphate) head and {non-polar / hydrophobic} fatty acid chains
allows non-polar} molecules to pass through
{polar / ionic} molecules cannot pass through

biology (10 decks)

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