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biology > cell organelles > Flashcards

cell organelles Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryotes

A

unicellular organisms eg bacteria and archaea

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2
Q

eukaryotes

A

multicellular eg plants,animals,fungi and protoctists

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3
Q

prokaryotes have

A

70s small ribosomes. cell wall made of peptidoglycan. capsules and plasmids. flagella/pili. cirvcula dna

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4
Q

eukaryotes have

A

membrane bound organelles like nucleus. 80s big ribosomes. no plasmids and no capsules. linear dna

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5
Q

both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have

A

cytoplasm ribosomes and cell membarne

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6
Q

ER

A

network of fluid filled membranes
modifies and folds proteins

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7
Q

difference between RER and SER

A

SER has ni riboosmes and not attached to nucleus

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8
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

trmoves water from protein
Modify and package proteins
forms vesicles /lysoomses

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9
Q

golgi vesicles

A

Made by golgi apparatus
Store and transport protein and lipids out of the cell

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10
Q

lysosomes

A

Special type of golgi vesicle
Contain digestive enzymes called lysozymes, which are used to hydrolyse pathogens and old cell organelles

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11
Q

ribosome

A

made of protein and RNA

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12
Q

nucleolus

A

makes ribosomes

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13
Q

mesosome

A

in folding of cell membrane
outside the cell wall

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14
Q

capsule

A

protective layer outside of cell wall

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15
Q

pilus

A

transfer plasmids between bacteris

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16
Q

locus

A

location of genes on a chromosome

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17
Q

how is dna in bacteria organised

A

circular dna
located in cytoplasm
small plasmids

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18
Q

extracellular enzymes

A

proteins are foleded in RER
transported in vesicles
vesicles fuse with golgi spparatus
modification of protein inside golgi apparatus
protein packaged into secretory vesicles
exocytosis - vesicles fuse with cell surface membrane

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19
Q

cortical reaction

A

fusion of sperm cell with egg cell membrane
cortical granules release contents
zona pellucida thickens/hardens
fusion of nuceli

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20
Q

why do some genes show linkage and some show sex-linkage

A

there are more genes than there are chromosmes
linkage relates to genes on the same choromseome
sex-linkage relates to genes on the sex chroosmeome

21
Q

fertilised cell divides

A

by mitosis to produce genticdlly identical cells

22
Q

crossing over

A

cgromatids are produced with different combinations of alleles. swapping of sections of chormatids.

23
Q

how is acrosome involved in the digestion of the zona pellucida

A

membrane of the acrosome fuses with the plasma membrane of the sperm cell.
releases enzymes
by exocytosis

24
Q

independednt asortment

A

different combinations of paternl and maternal chromosmesp[roduced

25
Q

centriole

A

spimndle organisation

26
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

more than one gene for a single characteristic at different loci

27
Q

males

A

can only inherit one allele

28
Q

nucleus

A

nuclear pores, double membrane/ envelope, nucleolus

29
Q

tonoplast

A

membrane that surrounds vacuole. controls what enters and leaves the vacuole

30
Q

amyloplast

A

organelle enclosed by membrane. contain and store starch granules. they convert starch back to glucose for release when the plant requires it

31
Q

pits

A

thin regions of the cell wall. they allow transport of substances between cells

32
Q

sclerenchyma fibres

A

provide support and have hollow lumen. it is thickened with lignin. more cellulose than other plants. don’t contain pits

33
Q

what happens to lysosomes once their contents have been digested

A

they fuse with cell surface membrane
contents released by exocytosis

34
Q

why cant nucelus be obverved at the end of prophase

A

nucelar membrane broken down
dna is condensed into individual chromosomes

35
Q

function of plasmodesma

A

cytoplasmic connection between cells
allows transport and communication

36
Q

why is protein made by bacteria different to protein made by animals

A

bacteria do not have rer
polypeptide isnt properly modified
so protein is incorrectly folded

37
Q

how does preventing shortening of spindle fibres affect mitosis

A

sister chromatids cannot be separated
mitossi stops beofre anaphase

38
Q

why are offspring geneticallt different

A

random fertilisaiton
gamete contains different combinations of alleles
due to independent assortment/crossing over

39
Q

sex linked defintion

A

faulty gene located on x/y chromsome

40
Q

why abnormal sperm reduces fertility

A

affects motility
prevents sperm from reaching egg
prevents fertilisation

41
Q

how is corssing over different in sex chromsomes

A

crossovers cannot form between x and y chromosme
because they are not homologous

42
Q

why is dna replicated beefore mitosis beigns

A

to ensure diploid number of chrosomes in each daughter cell
ensure they are geneticlaly identicla

43
Q

prophase

A

nucelar envelope breaks down
chromatids condesne
spindle fibres form

44
Q

on sex linked, genes are carried on

A

x chromsoome

45
Q

molecular phylogeny

A

molecular differences in DNA in proteins

46
Q

Compare and contrast the results of mitosis and meiosis

A

both increase number of cells
mitosis produces diploiod cells/meiosis haploid
meiosis produces genetically different cells/mitosis porduces genetically identical cells
mitosis results in 2 daughter cells/meiosis results in 4 daughter cells

47
Q

Explain how epigenetic changes can cause differences in a characteristic.

A

histone modification/DNA methylation
activates genes
affecting enzyme production

48
Q

Explain why an individual may have a greater adult height than their biological parents.

A

height is affected by environment aswell as genotype
height is an example of polygenic inheritance
so offspring can inherit a mixture of alleles from boith parents
more caclium in diet (needed for bone growth)/better healthcare can affect height

49
Q

difference between tissue and system

A

tissue contains one type of cell
system contains many different tissues/organs

biology (10 decks)

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