Topic B2- Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When a cell becomes specialised for a particular job

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2
Q

What are two examples of tissues in are body?

A

Muscular tissue, which contracts to move whatever it’s attached to
Glandular tissue, which makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones

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3
Q

What is the difference with the large and small intestine?

A

Small intestine- absorbs soluble food molecules
Large intestine- absorbs water from undigested food, leaving faeces

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4
Q

What do enzymes reduce in the body?

A

Enzymes reduce the need for high temperature

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5
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in the reaction

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6
Q

What are all proteins made up of?

A

Chains of amino acids

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7
Q

What happens if the substrate doesn’t match the enzyme’s active site?

A

The reaction won’t be catalysed

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8
Q

What happens when the temperature gets too hot or the PH is too high/low for an enzyme?

A

Some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break. This changes the shape of the enzyme’s active site, so the substrate won’t fit anymore. The enzyme is denatured.

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9
Q

What is the optimum PH that enzymes work best at?

A

Neutral PH 7

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10
Q

What are the 6 steps to investigate the effect of PH on Enzyme activity?

A

1) Put a drop of iodine solution into every well of a spotting tile.
2) Place a Bunsen burner on a heatproof mat, and a tripod and gauze over. Put a beaker of water on top of the tripod and heat the water until it is 35°, use a thermometer.
3) Use a syringe to add 1 cm³ of amylase solution and buffer solution with a pH of 5 to a boiling tube. Using the test tube holders, put the tube into the beaker of water, and wait for five minutes.
4) Next, use a different syringe to add 5 cm³ of a starch solution to the boiling tube. Immediately mix the contents of the boiling tube and start a stop clock.
5) Use a dropping pipette to take a fresh sample from the boiling tube every 30 seconds and put a drop into a well. When the iodine solution remains browny-orange, starch is no longer present.
6) Repeat the whole experiment with buffer solutions of different PH values.

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11
Q

What does amylase break starch into and where is amylase made?

A

Maltose
Salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

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12
Q

What does protease break amino acids into and where is protease made?

A

Amino acids
Stomach, pancreas and small intestine

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13
Q

What does lipases break down lipids into and where is lipases made?

A

Glycerol & fatty acids
Pancreas and small intestine

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14
Q

Where is bile produced, stored and released?

A

Liver, gall bladder and small intestine

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15
Q

What does bile do in the small intestines?

A

It neutralises the acid and makes conditions alkaline, the enzymes work better in these conditions. This gives a much bigger surface area of fat for the enzyme lipase to work on- makes its digestion faster.

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