Topic B2- Organisation Flashcards
What is differentiation?
When a cell becomes specialised for a particular job
What are two examples of tissues in are body?
Muscular tissue, which contracts to move whatever it’s attached to
Glandular tissue, which makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones
What is the difference with the large and small intestine?
Small intestine- absorbs soluble food molecules
Large intestine- absorbs water from undigested food, leaving faeces
What do enzymes reduce in the body?
Enzymes reduce the need for high temperature
What is a catalyst?
A substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in the reaction
What are all proteins made up of?
Chains of amino acids
What happens if the substrate doesn’t match the enzyme’s active site?
The reaction won’t be catalysed
What happens when the temperature gets too hot or the PH is too high/low for an enzyme?
Some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break. This changes the shape of the enzyme’s active site, so the substrate won’t fit anymore. The enzyme is denatured.
What is the optimum PH that enzymes work best at?
Neutral PH 7
What are the 6 steps to investigate the effect of PH on Enzyme activity?
1) Put a drop of iodine solution into every well of a spotting tile.
2) Place a Bunsen burner on a heatproof mat, and a tripod and gauze over. Put a beaker of water on top of the tripod and heat the water until it is 35°, use a thermometer.
3) Use a syringe to add 1 cm³ of amylase solution and buffer solution with a pH of 5 to a boiling tube. Using the test tube holders, put the tube into the beaker of water, and wait for five minutes.
4) Next, use a different syringe to add 5 cm³ of a starch solution to the boiling tube. Immediately mix the contents of the boiling tube and start a stop clock.
5) Use a dropping pipette to take a fresh sample from the boiling tube every 30 seconds and put a drop into a well. When the iodine solution remains browny-orange, starch is no longer present.
6) Repeat the whole experiment with buffer solutions of different PH values.
What does amylase break starch into and where is amylase made?
Maltose
Salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
What does protease break proteins into and where is protease made?
Amino acids
Stomach, pancreas and small intestine
What does lipases break down lipids into and where is lipases made?
Glycerol & fatty acids
Pancreas and small intestine
Where is bile produced, stored and released?
Liver, gall bladder and small intestine
What does bile do in the small intestines?
It neutralises the acid and makes conditions alkaline. This gives a much bigger surface area of fat for the enzyme lipase to work on- makes its digestion faster.
What does bile do and where is it produced?
Bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats
Produced in the liver
Where is bile stored then released?
Stored in Gall bladder
Released into the small intestine
What does the stomach do?
Pummels the food with its muscular walls
Produces hydrochloric acid:
1) to kill bacteria
2) to give the right pH for the protease enzyme to work- acidic
What is the Benedict’s test to test for sugars?
Add some Benedict’s solution to a test tube, using a pipette
Place the test tube in the water bath, using a test tube holder and leave it in for 5 minutes
If the food sample contains a reducing sugar, the solution will change from a blue colour to green, yellow or brick red.
What is the iodine solution test to test for starch?
Add a few drops of iodine solution and gently shake the tube to mix the contents.
If the sample contain starch, the colour will change from browny-orange to black or blue-black.
What is the Biuret test to test for proteins?
Add biuret solution to the sample and mix the contents of the tube by gently shaking it
If the food sample contains protein, the solution will change from blue to purple.
How can a coronary heart disease result in a heat attack?
Blood to the muscle of the heart gets blocked by layers of fatty material building up, so blood flow is restricted and there is a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle.
What is a positive and negative of stents?
Positive- Effective for a long time
Negative- Risk of developing a blood clot- thrombosis
What are statins?
Drugs that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in the bloodstream. This slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming.
