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biology > topic 9.4. > Flashcards

topic 9.4. Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the mammalian nervous system composed of

A
  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
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2
Q

what are the three common neurons

A
  • sensory
  • relay
  • motor
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3
Q

sensory neuron

A
  • connects sensory receptors to the CNS through long dendrons
  • short axons
  • sends electrical impulse from the receptor within the organ/coordination centre
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4
Q

relay neuron

A
  • carry action potentials between the sensory and motor neurons
  • found within the CNS
  • short axons and dendrites
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5
Q

motor neuron

A
  • communicates from the CNS to effectors via long axons
  • short dendrites
  • myelin sheath
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6
Q

spinal cord

A
  • cylindrical bundle of nerve fibres runs from brain stem to lower back
  • surrounded by spinal vertebrae (protection)
  • consists of nerve tissue (neurons, glia, blood vessels).
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching out between vertebrae to the body
  • made of grey matter surrounded by white matter
  • important coordination centre
  • actions take place without conscious thought - reflex responses
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7
Q

what are reflex responses controlled by

A
  • reflex arc
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8
Q

what is the function of the reflex arc

A
  • to bring about appropriate responses to a particular stimulus as quickly as possible without time delay
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9
Q

what are two main type of reflexes

A
  • spinal reflexes (hand moves from hot object)
  • cranial reflexes (blinking)
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10
Q

grey matter

A

made up of motor nerve cell bodies and relay neurons

H-shaped region

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11
Q

white matter

A

made up of long nerve fibres running the length of the spinal cord

myelinated axons

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12
Q

relay neuron

A

relays impulses from sensory neurons to motor neuron

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13
Q

ventral root

A

carries only motor nerve fibres from spinal cord into spinal nerve

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14
Q

motor neuron

A

carries impulse from spinal cord to effector

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15
Q

effector

A

muscle fibres which contract to move hand away

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16
Q

motor end plate in muscle

A

transfers impulse to effector organ

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17
Q

sensory neuron

A

carries impulse from stimulated sensory recepetor

18
Q

sensory receptor

A

picks up stimulus

19
Q

spinal nerve

A

mixed nerves carrying both motor and sensory fibres

20
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

contains all the cell bodies of the sensory nerve fibres

21
Q

dorsal root

A

carries only sensory nerve fibres from the spinal nerve into the spinal cord

22
Q

the brain

A
  • made up of white and grey matter
  • grey matter - made of neuron cell bodies
  • white matter - consists of nerve fibres
23
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls breathing and heart rate

24
Q

cerebellum

A

controls balance and coordination of movement

25
Q

cerebrum

A

initiates movement

26
Q

hypothalamus

A

thermoregulation and osmoregulation

27
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

divided into two systems; voluntary and autonomic nervous system

28
Q

voluntary nervous system

A
  • motor neurons that are under conscious control involving the cerebrum
29
Q

sympathetic - structure

A
  • myelinated preganglionic fibres leave the CNS & synapse in a ganglion
  • the ganglia are very close to the CNS - preganglionic fibres are short & postganglionic fibres are long
29
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • motor neurons aren’t in control of conscious areas of the brain
  • control bodily functions that are normally involuntary
30
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

30
Q

During the First World War, some soldiers received head wounds that damaged one side of
the cerebellum.

Explain why this soldier had problems moving his right arm.

A
  • damage is done to the left side of cerebellum
  • movement of the right arm is no longer automatic
  • hence the soldier has to think before moving it
31
Q

parasympathetic - structure

A
  • myelinated preganglionic fibres leave the CNS & synapse in a ganglion
  • ganglia are near to effector organ - preganglionic fibres are long & postganglionic fibres are short
31
Q

sympathetic - function

A
  • produces noradrenaline at the synapses
  • main function is to stimulate the bodies fight-or-flight response
  • rapid response
31
Q

parasympathetic

A
  • produces acetylcholine at the synapses
  • stimulates bodies “rest and digest” or “feed and breed” response
  • slower, inhibitory effect
32
Q

compare and contrast the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

A
  • both contain nerve cells
  • both contain synapses
  • PNS contains sympathetic & parasympathetic system but CNS does not
  • only the PNS has sensory input and motor output
  • only the CNS carries out processing of information
33
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system act…

A

…antagonistically

34
Q

state the part of the brain used to think about moving your arm

A

cerebrum

34
Q

state one function of the cerebellum

A
  • balance
  • coordination
  • posture
34
Q

what would lead to an increase in heart rate

A
  • release of noradrenaline by the sympathetic nervous system
35
Q

state the part of the brain responsible for osmoregulation

A

hypothalamus

36
Q

explain how on a very hot day, the brain ensures that the water potential of the blood remains constant

A
  • sweating occurs causing loss of water from the blood
  • water potential in the blood falls
  • osmoreceptors are stimulated
  • pituitary gland secretes ADH into the blood
  • causing the kidney tubules to reabsorb more water into the blood

biology (29 decks)

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