topic 3 Flashcards
1
Q
taxonomic groups
A
Domain (Drunk)
Kingdom (King)
Phylum (Phillip)
Class (Came)
Order (Over)
Family (For)
Genus (Goat)
Species (Stew)
2
Q
what is a species
A
- a group of organisms with similar characterisitics that interbreed to produce fertile offspring
3
Q
limitations of species
A
- only sometimes produce fertile offspring
- sometimes geographically separated so cant interbreed
- fertile hybrids can be produced
- fossils cannot reproduce but still need to be defined
4
Q
identifying a species
issues
A
- whether it is new in the area
- whether it is just a variation of another species
- if its the same but looks different?
5
Q
gel electrophoresis
A
- fragments of DNA put into wells in agar
- short fragments move towards the negative cathode
- longer fragments move slower
6
Q
what does gel electrophoresis help us do
A
see how common DNA is between 2 species
7
Q
DNA sequencing
A
- can tell you the DNA profile of an organism
- used to look at evolutionary relationships- phelogeny
8
Q
bioinformatics
A
- analysing DNA and patterns and relationships with other organisms
9
Q
peer review process
A
- editor of journal sends a potential paper to two or three other scientists in the same area of work
- if they agree the paper is valid and significant it can be published
10
Q
scientific journals
A
- any research carried out must be published in at least one journal so it can be read by other scientists
11
Q
scientific conferences
A
- scientists working in the same areas can discuss new ideas, theories and their provisional thoughts
- validity of results can be challenged
- papers presented to audience proceeded with a Q&A
12
Q
evidence for the 3 domains
A
- differences in nucleotide sequences
- membrane lipid structure
- sensitivity to antibiotics
13
Q
3.2
evolution as a result of natural selection
A
- theory od evolution - Darwin
- survival of the fittest
14
Q
4 stages to natural selection
A
- species reproduces, shows variation
- selection pressure - competition for food, habitat, mates
- ones with best adaptations survive
- survivors pass good genes to offspring
15
Q
what is meant by evolution
A
- the change in the genetic composition of a population due to beneficial alleles being passed onto the next generation
16
Q
what is a niche
A
- the role of an organism within the habitat it lives in
17
Q
anatomical adaptations
A
- structure and form of organisms
- e.g. thick layer of blubber on seals + whales to keep them warm
18
Q
physiological adaptations
A
- adaptations involving the way the body of the organism works
- e.g. snakes make venom to protect themselves from predators
19
Q
behavioural adaptations
A
- adaptation involving changes in programmed or instinctive behaviour making organism better adapted for survival.
e.g. -birds migrating to warmer area / avoid harsh conditions.
20
Q
what is speciation
A
- a change in selection pressure to form new species
- need to be reproductively isolated
21
Q
allopatric speciation
A
geographical isolation
22
Q
sympatric speciation
A
- mechanical
- ecological
- behavioural
- temporal
isolation
23
Q
adaptive radiation
A
- new species arrise in a new location
- new species give rise to many variations
24
Q
evolutionary race
A
- evolution causes antibiotics resistance, so rapid development of new medicines is necessary
25
# 3.3
biodiversity
- the variety of different organisms in an area
26
ethical reasons for maintaining biodiversity
- destroying biodiversity will deny future generations the oppurtunity to use the renewable resources
- great source of pleasure
- if they are extinct, combinations of DNA are lost
27
economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity
| ecosystem services
- provision services
- regulating environment
- biodiversity supporting crop growth
- recreation and wellbeing
28
ex-situ conservation
- takes place outside their natural habitat
29
ex-situ conservation in animals
- they're moved to safer environments to breed if they are on the brink of extinction
30
ex-situ conservation - plants
- seed bansk with all flowering plant seeds that can be conserved for 200+ years
31
limitations
## Footnote
of ex-situ conservation
- difficult to get the right conditions
- problems adjusting the wild
- gene pool reduced
- expensive and time consuming
32
in-situ conservation
- takes place in their natural habitat
-
33
what is a protected habitat
- areas that are protected by law that cannot be destroyed or used
34
limitations of in-situ conservation
- expensive
- time consuming
