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biology > topic 3 > Flashcards

topic 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

taxonomic groups

A

Domain (Drunk)
Kingdom (King)
Phylum (Phillip)
Class (Came)
Order (Over)
Family (For)
Genus (Goat)
Species (Stew)

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2
Q

what is a species

A
  • a group of organisms with similar characterisitics that interbreed to produce fertile offspring
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3
Q

limitations of species

A
  • only sometimes produce fertile offspring
  • sometimes geographically separated so cant interbreed
  • fertile hybrids can be produced
  • fossils cannot reproduce but still need to be defined
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4
Q

identifying a species

issues

A
  • whether it is new in the area
  • whether it is just a variation of another species
  • if its the same but looks different?
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5
Q

gel electrophoresis

A
  • fragments of DNA put into wells in agar
  • short fragments move towards the negative cathode
  • longer fragments move slower
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6
Q

what does gel electrophoresis help us do

A

see how common DNA is between 2 species

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7
Q

DNA sequencing

A
  • can tell you the DNA profile of an organism
  • used to look at evolutionary relationships- phelogeny
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8
Q

bioinformatics

A
  • analysing DNA and patterns and relationships with other organisms
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9
Q

peer review process

A
  • editor of journal sends a potential paper to two or three other scientists in the same area of work
  • if they agree the paper is valid and significant it can be published
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10
Q

scientific journals

A
  • any research carried out must be published in at least one journal so it can be read by other scientists
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11
Q

scientific conferences

A
  • scientists working in the same areas can discuss new ideas, theories and their provisional thoughts
  • validity of results can be challenged
  • papers presented to audience proceeded with a Q&A
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12
Q

evidence for the 3 domains

A
  • differences in nucleotide sequences
  • membrane lipid structure
  • sensitivity to antibiotics
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13
Q

3.2

evolution as a result of natural selection

A
  • theory od evolution - Darwin
  • survival of the fittest
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14
Q

4 stages to natural selection

A
  1. species reproduces, shows variation
  2. selection pressure - competition for food, habitat, mates
  3. ones with best adaptations survive
  4. survivors pass good genes to offspring
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15
Q

what is meant by evolution

A
  • the change in the genetic composition of a population due to beneficial alleles being passed onto the next generation
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16
Q

what is a niche

A
  • the role of an organism within the habitat it lives in
17
Q

anatomical adaptations

A
  • structure and form of organisms
  • e.g. thick layer of blubber on seals + whales to keep them warm
18
Q

physiological adaptations

A
  • adaptations involving the way the body of the organism works
  • e.g. snakes make venom to protect themselves from predators
19
Q

behavioural adaptations

A
  • adaptation involving changes in programmed or instinctive behaviour making organism better adapted for survival.
    e.g. -birds migrating to warmer area / avoid harsh conditions.
20
Q

what is speciation

A
  • a change in selection pressure to form new species
  • need to be reproductively isolated
21
Q

allopatric speciation

A

geographical isolation

22
Q

sympatric speciation

A
  • mechanical
  • ecological
  • behavioural
  • temporal

isolation

23
Q

adaptive radiation

A
  • new species arrise in a new location
  • new species give rise to many variations
24
Q

evolutionary race

A
  • evolution causes antibiotics resistance, so rapid development of new medicines is necessary
25
Q

3.3

biodiversity

A
  • the variety of different organisms in an area
26
Q

ethical reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • destroying biodiversity will deny future generations the oppurtunity to use the renewable resources
  • great source of pleasure
  • if they are extinct, combinations of DNA are lost
27
Q

economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

ecosystem services

A
  • provision services
  • regulating environment
  • biodiversity supporting crop growth
  • recreation and wellbeing
28
Q

ex-situ conservation

A
  • takes place outside their natural habitat
29
Q

ex-situ conservation in animals

A
  • they’re moved to safer environments to breed if they are on the brink of extinction
30
Q

ex-situ conservation - plants

A
  • seed bansk with all flowering plant seeds that can be conserved for 200+ years
31
Q

limitations

of ex-situ conservation

A
  • difficult to get the right conditions
  • problems adjusting the wild
  • gene pool reduced
  • expensive and time consuming
32
Q

in-situ conservation

A
  • ## takes place in their natural habitat
33
Q

what is a protected habitat

A
  • areas that are protected by law that cannot be destroyed or used
34
Q

limitations of in-situ conservation

A
  • expensive
  • time consuming

biology (29 decks)

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