topic 1.1 & 1.2 - carbohydrates & lipids

Question 1

monosaccharide

Answer 1

single monomer

Question 2

disaccharide

Answer 2

two monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds

Question 3

polysaccharide

Answer 3

two or more monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds

Question 4

hexose structure

Answer 4

• 6 carbon atoms
• alpha and beta glucose

Question 5

alpha vs beta glucose

Answer 5

alpha has OH at bottom and H at top
beta is swapped so the OH is at the bottom

Question 6

ribose

Answer 6

• 5 carbon atom
• it is a pentose sugar
• component of RNA

Question 7

maltose formation

Answer 7

glucose and glucose

Question 8

sucrose formation

Answer 8

glucose and fructose

Question 9

lactose formation

Answer 9

glucose and galactose

Question 10

glycogen formation

Answer 10

• a polysaccharide
• condensation reaction between alpha glucose
• 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• large number of branches so energy is released quickly
• large but compact so lots of energy storage

Question 11

cellulose formation

Answer 11

condensation reaction between beta glucose
joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
provides structural support in plants

Question 12

starch

Answer 12

stores energy in plants
polysaccharide formed by condensation of alpha glucose.
consists of amylose and amylopectin

Question 13

amylose

Answer 13

unbranched chain of glucose molecules
1,4 glycosidic bonds
coiled and compact hence stores energype

Question 14

amylopectin

Answer 14

• made of glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and - - - 1,6 glycosidic bonds
• branched molecule
• many side branches so digested by enzymes and releases energy quickly
• compact

Question 15

hydrolysis reaction

Answer 15

adding a water molecule to seperate two molecules together

Question 16

how is a triglyceride synthesized

Answer 16

1 glycerol molecule
3 fatty acid chain
3 condensation reactions
3 water molecule are lost when forming the ester bonds

Question 17

function of a triglyceride

Answer 17

used as energy reserves in plant and animal cells

Question 18

saturated vs unsaturated lipids

Answer 18

saturated - C-C single bonds only
unsaturated - C=C double bonds

Question 19

how structure of a triglyceride relates to its function

Answer 19

1. energy storage - non-polar and insoluble so good for energy storage
2. waterproofing - hydrophobic fatty acid tail so it repels water
3. insulation - they conduct heat slowly so provide thermal insulation

Question 20

phospholipid

Answer 20

1 glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group via condensation reaction forming 2 ester bonds

phosphate head - hydrophilic
fatty acid tail - hydrophobic

Question 21

function of phospholipid bilayer

Answer 21

it acts as a barrier to the passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell

Question 22

how do phospholipids form a cell membranes

Answer 22

the hydrophilic phosphate head and the hydrophobic fatty acid tail arrange themselves in a pattern in water due to the properties