Topic 9 Motivation Flashcards
The factors that direct and
energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
Motivation
Inborn patterns of behavior that
are biologically determined rather than
learned.
Instincts
Theories suggesting that a
lack of a basic biological requirement such
as water produces a drive to obtain that
requirement (in this case, the thirst drive).
Drive-reduction approaches to
motivation
Motivational tension, or arousal,
that energizes behavior to fulfill a need.
Drive
Drives that are related to
biological needs of the body or of the
species as a whole (e.g., hunger thirst sleep, sex)
Primary drives
The body’s tendency to maintain
a steady internal state.
Homeostasis
The belief
that we try to maintain certain levels of
stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing
them as necessary.
* Suggests that if levels of stimulation and activity
are too low, we will try to increase them by
seeking stimulation.
* People vary widely in the optimal level of arousal
they seek out, with some people looking for
especially high levels of arousal (e.g.,
daredevils, gamblers, criminals)
Arousal approaches to motivation
Prior experience and
learning bring about biological needs (e.g.,
need for achievement)
Secondary drives
Theories
suggesting that motivation stems from the desire
to obtain valued external goals, or incentives.
* The desirable properties of external stimuli—
whether grades, money, affection, food, or sex—
account for a person’s motivation.
- Incentive approaches to motivation
Theories
suggesting that motivation is a product of
people’s thoughts and expectations
Cognitive approaches to motivation
causes us to participate in an
activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any
concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us.
Intrinsic motivation
Causes us to do something
for money, a grade, or some other concrete,
tangible reward
Extrinsic motivation
Places motivational needs in a
hierarchy and suggests that before more
sophisticated, higher-order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied
Maslow’s Hierarchy
monitors glucose
levels and carries the primary responsibility for
monitoring food intake
hypothalamus
A state of self-fulfillment in
which people realize their highest potential, each
in his or her unique way.
Self-actualization
The particular level of weight
that the body strives to maintain.
Weight set point
A disorder in which a person binges on
large quantities of food, followed by efforts to
purge the food through vomiting or other means
Bulimia
The rate at which food is
converted to energy and expended by the body.
Metabolism
A severe eating disorder in
which people may refuse to eat while denying
that their behavior and appearance—which can
become skeleton-like—are unusual.
Anorexia nervosa
The two biological categories of male and female.
Sex
In psychology, the characteristics, whether
biological or socially influenced, that we associate with
males and females.
Gender
Describes to whom a person is
sexually or romantically attracted: opposite gender
(heterosexual), same gender (homosexual), both
(bisexual), or all genders (pansexual), or not attracted to
anyone (asexual)
Sexual Orientation
Ways in how a person identifies their
gender, including self-image, appearance, etc. (male,
female, transgender, queer, non-binary, fluid, etc.)
Gender Identity
How one embodies gender
attributes, presentations, and roles (e.g., masculine,
feminine, androgynous, etc.)
Gender Expression
Male sex hormones secreted by the
testes
Androgens
Female sex
hormones
Estrogen and progesterone
Sexual self-stimulation.
Masturbation
The view that premarital sex is
permissible for males but not for females.
Double standard
Problems that consistently
impair sexual arousal or functioning. Some involve
sexual motivation, especially lack of sexual energy
and arousability
Sexual dysfunction
Inability to develop or maintain
an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the
penis.
Erectile disorder
Distress due to
infrequency or never experiencing orgasm
Female orgasmic disorder
A stable, learned
characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction
by striving for and attaining a level of excellence.
Need for achievement
Sexual arousal from fantasies,
behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects,
the suffering of self or others, and/or
nonconsenting persons.
Paraphilias
An interest in establishing and
maintaining relationships with other people.
Need for affiliation
A tendency to seek impact, control,
or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual
Need for power
