Psych 7 Learning and Memory Flashcards
Accurate awareness of ourselves and the environment
Consciousness
Immune support and physiological maintenance
Sleep
It refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of practice and experience
Learning
Learning Theory: It posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction/imitation/observation of the person, environment, and behavior.
Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Learning Theory: It posits that learning is the byproduct of the association between stimulus conditions (s) and the responses (r)
Behaviorist learning theory
an event that automatically elicits an unconditioned response (in this case, dog food)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
It is a type of learning in which a neutral
stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. dog experiment
Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov
Is the action that the unconditioned stimulus elicits (in this case, salivation)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Something that does not naturally produce a response (in this case, metronome).
Neutral Stimulus
A stimulus that can eventually, trigger a conditioned response (metrotome)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
IP: To extinguish a classically
conditioned response, repeatedly
present the conditioned stimulus
(CS) without the unconditioned
stimulus (UCS).
When the CS (bell) was then presented
alone, the behavior rapidly decreased.
The dogs salivated less and less to the
sound, and eventually the sound did not
elicit salivation at all
Extinction
Whatever response the conditioned stimulus elicits as a result of the
conditioning (or training) procedure, it salivates at the sound of a metronome
Conditioned Response (CR)
While the response might disappear,
that does not mean that it has been
forgotten or eliminated.
a temporary return of an
extinguished response after a delay
When you ring the bell, your dog runs to
the kitchen and sits by his food bowl.
Spontaneous Recovery
is the extension of a conditioned
response from the training stimulus
to similar stimuli
The dog exhibits the same response
when it hears a small child emit a highpitched shriek.
Stimulus Generalization
to respond differently to stimuli that
predict different outcomes.
If the dogs did not drool in response to
the trumpet noise
Stimulus Discrimination
It is a type of learning when the
learners provide the instrument
by which a problem is solved. It is
also called Instrumental
Conditioning. The process of
changing behavior by providing a
reinforcer after a response. Learning by rewards and punishment. Puzzle box experiment of cat.
Operant Conditioning by Edward Lee Thorndike
It is the process of increasing
(strengthens response) the
future probability of the most
recent response.
Reinforcement
Two ways of reinforcing a
behavior by ELT
- Positive Reinforcement - It is
presenting something pleasant
after the response. - Negative Reinforcement - It is
reducing or removing
something unpleasant.
These are stimuli or stimulus that
increase the probability that a
preceding behavior will occur again by ELT
Reinforcers
2 types of reinforcers
❑ Primary Reinforces - These are natural unconditioned reinforcers
e.g. food, water, etc.) for
reflex responses.
❑ Secondary Reinforcers - These are conditioned reinforcers e.g. money,
praise, treats. These
become reinforcing after
being paired with a primary
reinforcer
A stimulus that decreases (weakens
response) the probability that a
previous behavior will occur again.
Punishment
Two ways to punish a behavior
❑ Positive Punishment - Presenting something
unpleasant after the
response. Receiving negative
appraisal from your teacher
after being late always.
❑ Negative Punishment - reducing or removing something pleasant. For example, parents remove financial
allowance after a son gets a poor grade in the class
ELT: occurs if responses stop producing
reinforcements.
For example, you were once in the
habit of asking your roommate to join
you for supper. The last few times
you asked, your roommate said no,
so you stop asking
Extinction
ELT: The more similar a new stimulus is to the original reinforced stimulus, the
more likely is the same response.
When a child is learning to use the toilet
(from potty training), rewards are often
used to increase the desired behaviors
Stimulus generalization
ELT: Responding to one stimulus and not another, the yielding of a response to one stimulus and not the other.
For example, you smile and greet
someone you think you know, but
then you realize it is someone else
After several such experiences, you
learn to recognize the difference
between the two people.
Stimulus Discrimination
ELT: An external stimulus that signals which a response will be followed by a reward or punishment. For example, you learn ordinarily to be quiet during a lecture but you talk when the professor encourages discussion. You learn to drive fast on some streets and slowly on others.
Discrimination Stimulus
He argued that a person’s behavior and
the environmental factors that influence
it are fundamental understandings of a
person’s psychological state. He expanded on Thorndike’s ideas to
develop a more complete set of
principles to explain operant
conditioning. Best known for his Skinner Box Experiment.
Operant Conditioning: Burrhus Frederick Skinner
In the skinner’s box, the rats
earned food pellets when
they pressed a lever or bar
and for the latter, pigeons
earned food reinforcers
when they pecked a
response key
Skinner box Experiment by BFS
Operant conditioning by BFS: Specific number of responses
Fixed ratio
Operant conditioning by BFS: Varying/random number of responses
Variable ration
Operant conditioning by BFS: Specific period of time
Fixed interval
Operant conditioning by BFS: Varying period of time
Variable Interval
The process of guiding an
organism’s behavior to the desired
outcome through the reinforcement
of successive approximations to a
final desired behavior
Shaping
Each behavior is reinforced by the
opportunity to engage in the next
behavior.
Chaining
❑ It is a social cognitive approach to
learning that emphasized
importance of observing,
modelling, and imitating the
behaviors, attitudes, and
emotional reactions of others.
❑ It is learning by watching the
behavior of another person, or
model.
Observational Learning
Process of observational learning
Procedure - Results - Conclusion
Principle of observational learning: You model your behavior after
others or imitate others.
Other people’s behavior often
provides information and
establishes a
norm or rule.
Modeling and imitation
Principle of observational learning: Substituting someone else’s
experience for your own.
You imitate behavior that has
been reinforcing to someone else,
especially someone that you like
Vicarious Reinforcement and Punishment
Principle of observational learning: The belief of being able to
perform the task successfully
We tend to imitate the actions of
successful people but only if we
feel self-efficacy, a belief that we
could perform the task well
Self-efficay
Principle of observational learning: People typically set a goal for
themselves and monitor their
progress toward that goal.
Sometimes people reinforce or
punish themselves, just as if they
were training someone else.
Self-reinforcement and self-punishment
Ability to remember words, facts, and events from the past.
Cortex - Long-term memory
The capacity of storing and retrieving of
information.
Memory
Ability to remember words, facts, and events in short-term memory
Cortex - Short-term memory
Ability to process sensory information, crucial to creating memories.
Thalamus - Information processing
Our ability to associate memories with emotions.
Amygdala - Emotional Association
Ability to transfer words, facts, and events from short-term to long-term
Hippocampus - Long-term memory
Stage of Memory: The process by which we place the things that we experience into memory. TYPES
Encoding. iconic (visual),
echoic (hear,) gustatory
(taste), haptic (touch),
olfactory (smell)
Stage of Memory: The process of holding information in memory to be
processed or used. Only 7 (+-2) information can be held for 0-30sec.
Storage
Stage of memory: The process of reactivating information that has been stored in memory.
Retrieval
Types of memory: The initial, momentary storage of
information, lasting only an
instant. Brief memory. Ex
Sensory Memory. Encoding
Types of memory: Memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds. Temporary storage of recent events. Ex
Short-term memory. Storage
Types of memory: Memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve. Permanent storage. Ex
Long-term Memory. Retrieval
Varieties of Long-Term memory
Explicit/declarative memory and Implicit/nondeclarative memory
Memory Strategies
Rehearsal
Organization
Imagery
Mnemonics
Overlearning
Transfer and training
