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BIOL 241 FINALS > TOPIC 9 Locomotion > Flashcards

TOPIC 9 Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

What are some reasons why we cannot sustain spriting for long periods of time?

A

there is a limit rate of ATP production in our body and the delivery of O2 to our muscles take time

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2
Q

What is the flow of ATP production when in motion?

A

ATP pools + PCr -> glycolysis (anaerobic respiration) -> oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic respiration)

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3
Q

What is the chemical reaction of using phosphocreatine for ATP production?

A

PCr +ADP -> Cr +ATP

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4
Q

What sources of ATP in locomotion are able to produce the desired output?

A

PCr pools and ATP pools

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5
Q

Why does glycolysis occur before oxidative phosphorylation in ATP production?

A

It is a faster route and requires less oxygen but is not sustainable because it does not produce enough ATP on its own

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6
Q

Where can these metabolic pools of ATP be found

A

In our cells

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7
Q

What is our maximum sustained speed dependent on?

A

it depends on which ATP production method is being used. the trend is the maximum running speed decreases over time as we switch to the next method of ATP production

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8
Q

What are some reasons why we cannot sustain sprinting for long periods of time?

A

there is a limit rate of ATP production in our body and the delivery of O2 to our muscles take time

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9
Q

what enzyme is used to produce ATP from PCr

A

creatine kinase

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10
Q

what is the main reason as to why oxidative phosphorylation is used last

A

because of how slow oxygen gets transported in the body and how little oxygen we get when in motion

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11
Q

what is the ATP production method that is best at sustaining a longer bust of energy

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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12
Q

who would have more mitochondria? a sprinter or a marathoner and why

A

marathoner because the mitochondria is where oxidative phosphorylation occurs which helps in sustaining locomotion

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13
Q

what adaptation would you think a sprinter would have and why?

A

they would have more creatine pools or more stores of glycogen because it would help them increase their initial speed

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14
Q

why is it preferred that oxidative phosphorylation uses glucose than triglycerides

A

it is more efficient and you can get higher sustained output

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15
Q

why does recovery metabolism have to occur?

A

because the initial burst of energy gives us an O2 debt needed to replenish ATP pools, creatine pools, and removes lactic acid

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16
Q

purpose of recovery metabolism

A

replenish cellular pools of ATP and PCr and removes lactic acid

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17
Q

which has lower RMR and active metabolic rate? endotherms or ectotherms?

A

ectotherms because they dont have to use that much energy for thermoregulation thus they dont use up as much energy

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18
Q

when is metabolic scope same for ectotherms and endotherms?

A

when they are the same mass

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19
Q

does a larger or smaller organism have to overcome a greater initial motion?

A

larger organisms because they need greater energy to overcome inertia

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20
Q

why are larger organisms at a disadvantage with starting the motion?

A

because they need to fight inertia more than smaller organisms do

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21
Q

when in motion, between a small and a large organism, which would have a harder time while in motion and why?

A

the small organism

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22
Q

what inertial force puts small organisms at a disadvantage while in motion?

A

momentum because it is the force that helps keep an organism in motion and it is less in smaller organisms

23
Q

why do small organisms have an advantage at starting a motion?

A

they have overcome less inertia than larger organisms

24
Q

who spends more energy overcoming drag? a smaller organism or a larger organism

A

a smaller organism (think about wind and how it would affect you compared to a mosquito)

25
Q

what happens in relation to when velocity is increasing? (in terms of drag)

A

the energy required to overcome drag increases

26
Q

what force do runners (terrestrial motion) use the most energy to overcome?

A

gravity

27
Q

what forces do runners (terrestrial organisms) have to overcome?

A

gravity, thrust, muscle action, drag (negligible)

28
Q

why does having larger muscles matter in helping larger organisms sustain motion?

A

larger muscles produce exponentially greater energy output than smaller muscles

29
Q

what are the reasons why a smaller organism has a greater mass-specific MRmax than a larger organism when sustaining the motion

A

they have less momentum and shorter muscles

30
Q

should a sprinter be thinner or have greater muscle density?

A

they should be thinner to reach their maximum velocity faster through fighting less inertia

31
Q

should a marathoner have greater muscle density/longer muscles or be thinner?

A

greater muscle mass to sustain motion

32
Q

what are the reasons that small runners have to work faster to increase velocity?

A

they have shorter limbs and have more contact with the ground (thrust)

33
Q

what happens to COT as velocity increases for runners and why

A

it decreases due to increased momentum and reduced contact force

34
Q

what happens to mass-specific MRmax as velocity increases

A

it increases because heart rate increases when we go faster since we need more oxygen

35
Q

formula of COT

A

msMR (y) / velocity (x)

36
Q

what can you say if the slope for one point from (0,0) is greater than the second point?

A

the COT value of the first point is greater than the second point

37
Q

what is COT in a mass-specific MR and velocity graph?

A

it is the slope from (0,0) rise over run

38
Q

what helps with buoyancy in swimmers?

A

swim bladders

39
Q

what force affects swimmers the most?

A

drags

40
Q

what force affects the swimmers least?

A

gravity

41
Q

who experiences more skin friction drag? a large fish or a small fish?

A

small fish

42
Q

who experiences more pressure drag? a large fish or a small fish?

A

large fish

43
Q

what type of drag is related to the viscosity of liquids?

A

skin friction drag

44
Q

what happens to pressure drag as velocity increases?

A

increases sharply and will continue to increase with velocity

45
Q

why is the COT line for swimmers curved when the COT line for runners is linear?

A

because gravity affects runners even when they arent in motion while there is negligible inertial forces affecting fishes at rest until they start moving

46
Q

for fliers, what is the greatest force at low velocities?

A

gravity

47
Q

for fliers, what is the greatest force at high velocities

A

drag

48
Q

what do small fliers have to do to fly faster?

A

continually beat wings

49
Q

what do big fliers do to move fast and reduce energy expenses?

A

glide wings

50
Q

what happens to forces acting on fliers as velocity increases

A

energy to combat gravity decreases and drag increases

51
Q

what type of power is defined as the power used by fliers to fight against gravity?

A

induced power

52
Q

what type of power is defined as the power used by fliers to fight against drag?

A

parasite power

53
Q

what happens to energy put into induced power as velocity increases?

A

it decreases

54
Q

what happens to energy put into parasite power as velocity increases?

A

it increases because drag increases as velocity increases

BIOL 241 FINALS (6 decks)

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