TOPIC 9 Locomotion Flashcards
What are some reasons why we cannot sustain spriting for long periods of time?
there is a limit rate of ATP production in our body and the delivery of O2 to our muscles take time
What is the flow of ATP production when in motion?
ATP pools + PCr -> glycolysis (anaerobic respiration) -> oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic respiration)
What is the chemical reaction of using phosphocreatine for ATP production?
PCr +ADP -> Cr +ATP
What sources of ATP in locomotion are able to produce the desired output?
PCr pools and ATP pools
Why does glycolysis occur before oxidative phosphorylation in ATP production?
It is a faster route and requires less oxygen but is not sustainable because it does not produce enough ATP on its own
Where can these metabolic pools of ATP be found
In our cells
What is our maximum sustained speed dependent on?
it depends on which ATP production method is being used. the trend is the maximum running speed decreases over time as we switch to the next method of ATP production
What are some reasons why we cannot sustain sprinting for long periods of time?
there is a limit rate of ATP production in our body and the delivery of O2 to our muscles take time
what enzyme is used to produce ATP from PCr
creatine kinase
what is the main reason as to why oxidative phosphorylation is used last
because of how slow oxygen gets transported in the body and how little oxygen we get when in motion
what is the ATP production method that is best at sustaining a longer bust of energy
oxidative phosphorylation
who would have more mitochondria? a sprinter or a marathoner and why
marathoner because the mitochondria is where oxidative phosphorylation occurs which helps in sustaining locomotion
what adaptation would you think a sprinter would have and why?
they would have more creatine pools or more stores of glycogen because it would help them increase their initial speed
why is it preferred that oxidative phosphorylation uses glucose than triglycerides
it is more efficient and you can get higher sustained output
why does recovery metabolism have to occur?
because the initial burst of energy gives us an O2 debt needed to replenish ATP pools, creatine pools, and removes lactic acid
purpose of recovery metabolism
replenish cellular pools of ATP and PCr and removes lactic acid
which has lower RMR and active metabolic rate? endotherms or ectotherms?
ectotherms because they dont have to use that much energy for thermoregulation thus they dont use up as much energy
when is metabolic scope same for ectotherms and endotherms?
when they are the same mass
does a larger or smaller organism have to overcome a greater initial motion?
larger organisms because they need greater energy to overcome inertia
why are larger organisms at a disadvantage with starting the motion?
because they need to fight inertia more than smaller organisms do
when in motion, between a small and a large organism, which would have a harder time while in motion and why?
the small organism
what inertial force puts small organisms at a disadvantage while in motion?
momentum because it is the force that helps keep an organism in motion and it is less in smaller organisms
why do small organisms have an advantage at starting a motion?
they have overcome less inertia than larger organisms
who spends more energy overcoming drag? a smaller organism or a larger organism
a smaller organism (think about wind and how it would affect you compared to a mosquito)
what happens in relation to when velocity is increasing? (in terms of drag)
the energy required to overcome drag increases
what force do runners (terrestrial motion) use the most energy to overcome?
gravity
what forces do runners (terrestrial organisms) have to overcome?
gravity, thrust, muscle action, drag (negligible)
why does having larger muscles matter in helping larger organisms sustain motion?
larger muscles produce exponentially greater energy output than smaller muscles
what are the reasons why a smaller organism has a greater mass-specific MRmax than a larger organism when sustaining the motion
they have less momentum and shorter muscles
should a sprinter be thinner or have greater muscle density?
they should be thinner to reach their maximum velocity faster through fighting less inertia
should a marathoner have greater muscle density/longer muscles or be thinner?
greater muscle mass to sustain motion
what are the reasons that small runners have to work faster to increase velocity?
they have shorter limbs and have more contact with the ground (thrust)
what happens to COT as velocity increases for runners and why
it decreases due to increased momentum and reduced contact force
what happens to mass-specific MRmax as velocity increases
it increases because heart rate increases when we go faster since we need more oxygen
formula of COT
msMR (y) / velocity (x)
what can you say if the slope for one point from (0,0) is greater than the second point?
the COT value of the first point is greater than the second point
what is COT in a mass-specific MR and velocity graph?
it is the slope from (0,0) rise over run
what helps with buoyancy in swimmers?
swim bladders
what force affects swimmers the most?
drags
what force affects the swimmers least?
gravity
who experiences more skin friction drag? a large fish or a small fish?
small fish
who experiences more pressure drag? a large fish or a small fish?
large fish
what type of drag is related to the viscosity of liquids?
skin friction drag
what happens to pressure drag as velocity increases?
increases sharply and will continue to increase with velocity
why is the COT line for swimmers curved when the COT line for runners is linear?
because gravity affects runners even when they arent in motion while there is negligible inertial forces affecting fishes at rest until they start moving
for fliers, what is the greatest force at low velocities?
gravity
for fliers, what is the greatest force at high velocities
drag
what do small fliers have to do to fly faster?
continually beat wings
what do big fliers do to move fast and reduce energy expenses?
glide wings
what happens to forces acting on fliers as velocity increases
energy to combat gravity decreases and drag increases
what type of power is defined as the power used by fliers to fight against gravity?
induced power
what type of power is defined as the power used by fliers to fight against drag?
parasite power
what happens to energy put into induced power as velocity increases?
it decreases
what happens to energy put into parasite power as velocity increases?
it increases because drag increases as velocity increases
