energy budgets Flashcards
less energy per gram greater absolute energy
large organisms
greater energy per gram, less absolute energy
small organisms
which needs more energy? endotherms or ectotherms
endotherms
1 kilo cal is how many kilo joules
4.2 kJ
1 cal is how many joules
4.2
what is surface area in organisms
skin/membrane
what is volume in organisms
mass
what is proportional to length squared
surface area
what is proportional to length cubed
volume
do larger or smaller organisms have greater surface area to volume ratio?
smaller organisms
do larger or smaller organisms have smaller surface area to volume ratio?
larger organism
The surface area:volume ratio trend (in terms of organism size)
reduces as the size of the organism increases
how does surface area to volume ratio affect organisms
higher surface area to volume ratio allows small organisms to rely on simple diffusion to survive; the higher the surface area to volume ratio the more effective diffusion is
larger organisms need specific organs just to facilitate substance exchange
what adaptation did larger organisms adapt to overcome their small surface area to volume ratio?
they maintain huge internal surface area to exchange matter/energy with the environment
- highly branched circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems
ex. humans have coils of intestine
humans need 25x surface area of the skin
Surface area is how much proportional to mass
2/3
purpose of surface area in organisms
to exchange matter and generate energy through membranes (surface area)
how is small surface area to volume ratio advantageous to large organisms
it helps with heat retention; heat is produced by the entire volume and lost through surface area so the greater the ratio the more heat is stored
disadvantage of small surface area to volume ratios in large organisms
inefficient nutrient exchange and energy generation
how much of the skin do humans have to account for through internal organs
25x
Y=aMᵇ , when b is 1
isometric
Y=aMᵇ, when b is 0
Y is independent to M, aspect of biology is not correlated to mass
Y=aMᵇ, what does every variable stand for
Y = any aspect of biology
a = value of Y per unit mass
M = mass
b = scaling exponent
Y=aMᵇ , when value of b is anything other than 1 and 0
it is allometric
why do we use log transformations for allometry
so that we can see the line and trend clearer; data normalization
formula for log graphs
logY = log a + b logX
a and b are constants; b scaling coefficient
positive allometry (hyperallometry)
one dimension increases and the other increases with greater proportion; b > 1
