Topic 9: Blood Transfusions Flashcards
1
Q
Why do we give a blood transfusion?
A
to replace or support lost components of the blood.
2
Q
What are the components of blood?
A
- erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs),
- plasma proteins,
- platelets,
- antibodies
- and clotting factors
3
Q
Indications for blood transfusions?
A
- anaemia (deficiency or reduction in RBC) or change in RBC quality/haemglobin
- haemolysis (haemorrhage) -trauma, surgery
- coagulopathies
- compromised oxygen delivery to tissues -low O2 saturation
4
Q
What determines a blood type?
A
- RBC has antigen (a protein) on surface
- antigen elicits response via immune sys
- antigens are individual specific -blood type
5
Q
Name the dog blood groups
A
DEA 1-7 +ve and -ve
6
Q
Name the cat blood types
A
A, B and AB
7
Q
Name horse blood types
A
A, C, D, K, P, Q, U, and T
8
Q
Describe the characteristics of an ideal blood donor (canine)
A
- Calm
- Healthy
- Good size and weight
- Fully immunized
- No parasites
- Not on medications
- Never received a transfusion
- Known blood type that is compatible with recipient
- Good PCV level
9
Q
Why should an ideal blood donor never have previously recieved a transfusion?
A
- animals that have received a blood transfusion prior, may have developed antibodies to the antigens on the donors red blood cells,
- without showing a transfusion reaction, this may cause a severe reaction when transfused into a patient.
10
Q
Describe blood collection method
A
- ASEPSIS VITAL
- Jugular venepuncture
- Use wide bore IV needle, local anaethesia
- Collection bag containing anticoag, preservative, filters
- gravity fed bag, gently rocked
- measure/weigh
11
Q
How many mls of blood can a cat donate?
A
10-12ml/kg
-sedation usually required
12
Q
Describe the blood matching process
A
- 2ml EDTA blood from both animals, labelled
- Centrifuge 1 min at 3000 g.
- Remove plasma to labelled tubes
- Draw up 0.1 ml RBCs, add to 5 ml 0.9% saline, mix.
- Centrifuge this suspension for 1 minute. Discard the supernatant. Add another 5ml saline, mix, centrifuge, discard supernatant, do this washing 3 times.
- In a 3ml test tube put 2 drops of recipient plasma and 2 drops of donor RBC suspension. Mix well, leave at room temp for 30mins.
- In a 3 ml test tube put 2 drops of recipient’s RBCs and 2 drops of donor plasma. Mix well, leave at room temp for 30mins.
- Make controls using donor’s and recipient’s own RBCs and plasma as above.
- Read – check for agglutination and haemolysis; place a drop on a slide and look for agglutination under microscope with 40x magnification. If there is agglutination (clumping) or lysis of the RBC then this indicates the animals are incompatible.
13
Q
Describe delivery methods for blood transfusion
A
- largest bore IV catheter
- IV fluid bag set up, 0.9% saline drip
- Blood infusion set (contains in-line filter)
- Specialised infusion pump
- If using frozen products -warm gradually to no more than 37˚C
14
Q
Describe blood transfusion rates
A
- INFUSE SLOWLY
- 0.25ml/kg/hr over 30mins
- TPR every 5-10mins for first 1/2 hour
- If no reactions, increase rate to 22ml/kg/24hours
- If blood unused after 4hrs, discard
15
Q
Signs of transfusion reaction?
A
- Fever
- Changes in heart rate and respiratory rate
- Facial swelling
- Tremors, agitation, urination
- Vomiting
- Maybe diarrhoea
- Weakness
- Collapse
- Seizures
