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ASC182 > T2: Radiography > Flashcards

T2: Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

What is a radiograph?

A

photographic image caused by x-rays on sensitive film

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2
Q

What is radiology?

A

interpretation of radiographs (x-rays)

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3
Q

List some of the radiography licensing requirements

A
  • Compliance w/ code of practice for radiation protection in vet. medicine (2009)
  • Info on ventilation, drainage, surfaces
  • Assessment of minimum amount of shielding req.
  • Name of the personal radiation monitoring device
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4
Q

List the PPE required for radiography

A
  • Lead apron, gloves, sleeves
  • mobile shields
  • personal radiation monitors
  • thyroid shields
  • goggles
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5
Q

What is ALARA and what are the 3 major principles it entails?

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

  • TIME
  • DISTANCE
  • SHIELDING
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6
Q

Describe the process of assessing x-ray machine position

A

-check tube housing parallel to table w/ spirit level -check collimator & tube head are not crooked/

rotated

  • Use protractor to measure correct angle of machine if head has angulation indicator
  • Machine must be stabled & have means to prevent movement
  • Never physically hold x-ray tube housing
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7
Q

What is focal film distance and how much should this distance be?

A

Distance b/w x-ray tube & x-ray film. 75 - 100cm

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8
Q

Does a digital radiograph require a darkroom?

A

No.

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9
Q

When should an x-ray grid be used?

A

for thoraxes deeper than 14cm and other body parts thicker than 10cm

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10
Q

What equipment is required for producing radiographs?

A
  • X-ray machine, cassettes, intensifying screens, film & grids
  • Table
  • Technique charts & correction factors
  • Measures
  • PPE
  • Positioning equip. & labels
  • Contrast media
  • ID equip.
  • Dark room, viewing box & hot light
  • Film processing equip.
  • Records & storage/filing
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11
Q

Veterinarians are legally obliged to permanently mark radiograph. What are/are not acceptable ways of marking radiographs?

A

NOT acceptable to use pen or sticky label Acceptable:

  • collimator marks,
  • marker (L or R, Fore or Hind, view)
  • ID label: name of practice, owner, date record no# -image
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12
Q

Describe the daylight and darkroom systems of ID radiographs

A

DL: using x-rite tape, or lead letters

DR: light box marker

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13
Q

Describe the chemical process (equipment) of creating radiographs, based on a manual system

A

Developing fluids: film placed in diff. fluids, kept in 3 chamber tank

  • Developer: changes silver bromide & film to black metallic silver & is first solution film placed in
  • Fixer: renders film light insensitive, also combined w/ hardener which hardens film emulsion to prevent scratching
  • Water heater: developing fluid needs to be kept at 20˚C, use thermometer
  • Developing tank: 3 chambers for developer - rinsing water
  • fixer
  • Stirring rods: stirs developing fluid prior to use. Evens temp & homogenises solution
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14
Q

What does the developer do?

A
  • Affected crystals become black (silver precipitates)
  • Unaffected crystals remain clear and wash off
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15
Q

What does the fixer do?

A
  • Makes visible image permanent
  • emulsion hardened
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16
Q

When should darkroom chemicals be renewed?

What are some tests that can be done to check this?

A

Before processing

  • Developer pH test. Should be above 10-11.5 pH
  • Fixer silver test. should be 3-6g/L
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17
Q

How much developer replenisher should you add if developer becomes exhausted?

Also how much for fixer?

A
  • 400ml developer replenisher /sq m film
  • 600ml fixer / sq m
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18
Q

Describe manual V auto processing

A
  • rapid processing solution used in emergencies or surgeries
  • film is developed and fixed for 15 - 20 seconds
  • Does not have same amount of contrast as normal and will discolour w/ time
  • no dark room req
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19
Q

What are contrast media in radiography?

Name two examples

A
  • Used to give more detail of a particular organ or body system by admin. compounds that outline interior lining or body cavity
  • Barium
  • Iodine
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20
Q

Describe positive contrast media

A
  • Show up as WHITE
  • Barium suplahte used in GIT
  • Iodine formulated in compounds used IV
21
Q

Describe negative contrast media

A
  • Show up as BLACK
  • Gas used to outline organ
22
Q

What should be carefully monitoring while a patient is under anaesthesia?

What can happen at deep levels of anaesthesia?

A
  • Monitoring should be continuous; VS every 5 mins
  • PR (rhythm and strength)
  • HR
  • MM colour
  • CRT
  • RR
  • Tidal volume (size of breath; approx 10 -15ml/kg body weight)
  • Temp
  • At deep levels tissue perfusion and oxygenation can become impaired, leading to cell death
23
Q

Monitoring equipment:

What is an oesophageal stethoscope?

A
  • Used to continuously monitor heart and respiratory sounds
  • signal may be heard through earpieces or speaker
24
Q

Monitoring equipment:

What is an ap-alert respiratory monitor?

A
  • sounds alarm of patient suffers apnoea (has not taken breath after specified time)
  • Beeping sound emitted w/ each breath
  • No info given on adequacy of breath
25
Q

Monitoring equipment:

What is a pulse oximeter?

A
  • Measures PR and degree of oxygen saturation in arterial blood
  • Does this by measuring wavelengths of of red and infer-red light
26
Q

Monitoring equipment:

What is an ECG?

A
  • electrocardiography
  • info on electrical activity of heart
  • no info on cardiac output (how well heart is pumping)
  • Does allow ID of arrythmias and other changes associated w/ physiological abnormalities
27
Q

An anaesthetic record is an important legal document. What sort of things should be recorded?

A
  • Animal and procedure deets
  • baseline vital signs (b4 procedure)
  • drugs given, before, during, in recovery period
  • anaesthetic regime or equipment used
  • vital signs
  • any relevant comments
28
Q

Once an animals temp falls to ………… cardiac arrest is likely to occur (from hypothermia).
These animals are prone to developing hypoxia.

A
  • 28 - 30˚C
29
Q

How should you remove an endotracheal tube post anaesthesia in:

dogs?
cats?

A
  • dogs:
  • remove tube once swallow reflex is regained
  • cats:
  • as soon as show signs of wakening
  • Make sure cuff is deflated before removal
30
Q

What does film density mean?

A
  • blackening of the film
31
Q

What does film contrast mean?

A
  • difference b/w shades or densities on the RDG
32
Q

Radiographic faults may occur due to?

(broad over view; 3 major points)

A
  • Inappropriate restraint or movement of patient
  • Failure to adequately maintain machine or equipment
  • Problems w/ exposure settings or development process
33
Q

What are the many possible reasons as to why a film may be TOO DARK/INCREASED DENISTY?

This includes manual errors, technical errors and automatic processing errors.

A
  • mAs too high
  • kV too high
  • focal-film distance too short
  • surge in incoming line voltage
  • double exposure
  • forgot to use grid
  • overdeveloped
  • developer temp too high
  • over replenishing
  • light leak in dark room/processor cover
  • speed too slow/malfunctioning rollers
34
Q

What is the kV(p) in relation to x-ray settings?

A
  • KiloVolt Peak
  • high = stronger x-ray
  • controls quality (grey)
35
Q

What is the mA in relation to x-ray settings?

A
  • MilliAmps (x seconds)
  • Controls quantity (black)
36
Q

What are the many possible reasons as to why a film may be TOO LIGHT/DECREASED DENISTY?

This includes manual errors, technical errors and automatic processing errors.

A
  • mAs too low
  • kV too low
  • focal-film distance too long
  • drop in incoming line voltage
  • no exposure
  • thickness wrong (technique chart incorrect)
  • underdeveloped
  • too cold
  • developer exhausted, too dilute, not mixed or contaminated
  • developer temp too low
  • under replenishing
  • exhausted developer
37
Q

What are the many possible reasons as to why a film may be GREY/FOGGED?

This includes manual errors, technical errors and automatic processing errors.

A
  • accidental exposure to radiation (scatter, direct, secondary)
  • no grid used w/ thick objects
  • old film
  • incorrect storage
  • light leaking in
  • wrong safelight intensity
  • overdeveloping
  • contaminated developer
  • accidental x-ray exposure
  • light leaking
  • developer hot, contaminated, exhausted
  • incomplete fixing
38
Q

What are the many possible reasons as to why a film may have BLACK MARKS/SPOTS?

This includes manual errors, technical errors and automatic processing errors.

A
  • scratches on film
  • rough handling
  • cassette not closed properly
  • film exposed to light
  • developer on unprocessed film
  • films stuck together in fixer
39
Q

What are the many possible reasons as to why a film may have WHITE MARKS/SPOTS?

This includes manual errors, technical errors and automatic processing errors.

A
  • dirt/hair b/w film and screen
  • crack or defect in screen
  • damaged screens
  • grit/dust on film surface
  • air bubbles on film
  • film touching sides of tank
40
Q

What are the many possible reasons as to why a film may have LINES?

This includes manual errors, technical errors and automatic processing errors.

A
  • grid out of focal range, upside-down, damaged
  • primary beam not centred
41
Q

What are the many possible reasons as to why a film may be BLURRED?

This includes manual errors, technical errors and automatic processing errors.

A
  • grid out of focal range, upside-down, damaged
  • primary beam not centred
  • dirty rollers, wash water, air tubes
  • jammed films
42
Q

Poor image quality:

What may cause low contrast?

A
  • Too high kV
  • Slow speed screen/film
  • No grid
  • Under filtration
  • Double exposure
43
Q

Poor image quality:

Why may the image have poor detail?

A
  • blurring due to motion
  • machine focal spot too large or damaged
  • unsharpness: double exposure, object too thick, FF distance too short
  • Distortion/magnification: area of interest not close enough to film, primary beam not centred
44
Q

How to improve image quality:

What shoulds you do if film intensity too dark?

A
  • decrease mAs by 30 – 50%
  • decrease kV by 10 – 15%
45
Q

How to improve image quality:

What shoulds you do if film intensity too light?

A
  • Increase mAs by 30 – 50%
  • Increase kV by 10 – 15%
46
Q

How to improve image quality:

When should you increase the factors?

A
  • object has increased fluid
  • obesity
  • plaster cast
  • positive contrast rdg (barium, iodine)
47
Q

Evaluating the improperly exposed radiograph

(view pic in answer)

A
48
Q

What details should you put in the radiographic record?

A
  • date
  • patient name/ID number
  • client name
  • type of animal
  • area viewed
  • positioning
  • tissue depth
  • exposure factors used
  • use of grid
  • developing time
  • comment on film quality
49
Q

How should you clean and maintain equipment?
(simple, brief, not step by step).

A
  • Follow manufacturers instructions.
  • Do not bump tube
  • Keep tube free from dust, dirt and safely retracted out of the way
  • Never hold x-ray machines or tubes during exposure
  • Avoid prolonged use of ready modes and lighting of collimator
  • Clean surfaces w/ metho

ASC182 (17 decks)

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