FSE Exam Cheat Sheet Q's Flashcards
*WHAT IS THE GENERAL FLUID RATE FOR A SHOCK PATIENT?
80 - 90ML/KG/HOUR
may need two catheters to administer
What is the shock rate for a dog?
90ml/kg/hr
A dog that weighs 20kg (20kgx90ml/kg/hr) would be given 1800ml in the first hour.
What is the shock rate for a cat?
60ml/kg/hr
thus the average 4kg cat would need to receive 240ml in the first hour (4kg x 60ml/kg/hr = 240ml/hr).
A typical maintenance fluid rate is?
60ml/kg/day or 2.5ml/kg/hr
maintenance fluid rate for a horse?
50ml/kg/day plus the ongoing losses.
Why is blood typing/matching vital in cats?
Cats have blood types of A, B and rarely AB.
If type A is given to a type B, the cat can suffer a fatal transfusion reaction.
If type B is given to a type A cat there will be a lesser reaction but the blood transfusion will be ineffective as the cells will be destroyed.
Without cross matching there is a 23% chance of a fatal transfusion reaction.
What are signs to observe when looking for pain?
animal's orientation in the cage posture level of movement exercise tolerance and activity level facial expression attitude vocalising difficulty standing, walking, taking stairs, jumping, or getting up. changes in urination and defecation habits decreased grooming (especially in cats).
Common signs of pain in dogs?
Decreased social interaction Anxious expression Submissive behavior Refusal to move Whimpering Howling Growling Guarding behavior Aggression; biting Decreased appetite Self-mutilation (chewing) Changes in posture
Common signs of pain in cats?
Reduced activity Loss of appetite Quiet/loss of curiosity Changes in urinary/defecation habits Hiding Hissing or spitting Lack of agility/jumping Excessive licking/grooming Stiff posture/gait Guarding behavior Stops grooming/matted fur Tail flicking Weight loss
What are opiods?
act centrally to reduce the perception of pain
What are NSAIDS?
act locally at the site of pain to reduce inflammation.
Describe opiod agonists
those that bind and stimulate opioid receptors in the CNS
VERY powerful and are most commonly used for ACUTE pain for a short period of time
eg morphine, methadone, pethadibe, fentanyl
associated with side effects
- bradycardia
- hypotension
- sedation
- resp. depression
- urinary retention
- vomiting
- defecation
- constipation
Describe opiod partial agonists
bind and stimulate some receptors, but bind, block and inhibit other receptors
side effects are reduced, although the level of pain relief is only moderate
work well for visceral pain
eg butorphanol (Torbugesic, Dolorex)
Describe opiod antagonists
bind, block and inhibit opioid receptors
used for treating agonist opioid overdoses.
eg Naloxone.
How do NSAIDS work?
act specifically at the site of pain or inflammation at the site of injury or disease NOT AT THE CNS
by interfering with prostaglandin production, which are chemicals made in response to inflammation.
BOTH pathways produce prostaglandins that promote inflammation, pain and fever, but ONLY COX-1, produces prostaglandins which protect the stomach lining and support platelet activity
Some NSAID’S inhibit BOTH COX 1 & COX 2, by blocking the COX 1 pathway we have the potential to damage stomach lining
A bit about Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (Corticosteroids)?
reduce inflammation by suppressing prostaglandin production, thereby providing analgesia
suppress the immune system and they also delay healing
should never be administered concurrently with NSAIDs
Signs of transfusion reaction?
Fever Changes in heart rate and respiratory rate Facial swelling Tremors, agitation, urination Vomiting Maybe diarrhoea Weakness Collapse Seizures
Signs of haemolytic reactions?
can be acute w/in mins, or delayed up to 21 days Tachypnea Salivation Tachycardia Weakness Muscle tremors Vomiting Collapse Haemoglobinaemia Haemoglobinuria Renal failure
What are the five stages of grief?
shock anger bargaining depression acceptance.
What aims should you use when discussing euthanasia with a client?
tact
empathy
discretion
diplomacy
When should toy discuss body disposal options with the client?
BEFORE euthanasia
Describe procedure to set up IVFT
prepare equipment:
warm fluids to body temperature
have catheter of a suitable size for the animal (and a spare)
prepare giving set and other appropriate lines, extension set, etc.
check and double check fluid is correctly prescribed, in date, undamaged, and visually clear
prepare Fluid Pump if appropriate
connect up bag aseptically, clear air from line,
maintain sterility at all times
prepare for skin’s surgical prep
Insert the IV Catheter and attach the line
Tape the catheter to avoid It being pulled out
Flush with heparin-saline
Turn on fluids and adjust flow rate to suit patient
Secure the apparatus from patient interference
What is the ideal concentration for O2 supplementation?
40-60% humidified
at are some medical conditions that neonates are prone to?
Hypoxia Hypothermia Hypoglycaemia Infection – septicaemia, diarrhoea, pneumonia Congenital defects
What are the aims of first aid?
save life prevent further injury reduce pain reduce stress reduce chance of infection increase the rate of recovery
What does DRABC stand for?
D = Danger -Assess the situation R = Response -Can the patient respond? A = Airway -Ensure the airway is clear so that the animal can breathe. B =Breathing -Make sure the animal is breathing. C =Circulation -Is the heart beating? Is there a pulse? Check the animal’s mucous membrane colour and capillary refill time (CRT). Check for haemorrhage.
What is the first aim of CPR?
What is the second aim of CPR?
- to preserve life
2. Maintain circulation (oxygen delivery)
How many minutes is a cardiac arrest emergency?
ie how long before permanent brain damage occurs?
3 minutes
List the symptoms of cardiac arrest
Unconscious No heart beat No pulse Slow capillary refill time Grey to bluish-purple coloured mucous membranes (cyanosis) Fixed dilated pupils
Describe external cardiac compression procedure
Compress and release the chest to create pressure changes in the blood vessels, forcing blood to circulate.
Lay the animal on its right side
Place your hands where its left elbow touches the chest, approximately the middle of the rib-cage
Compress the chest 15 times followed by 2 rescue breaths. Compress at a rate similar to the normal heart rate. (as a guide, compress 3 times every 2 seconds = 90 compressions per minute)
Monitor effectiveness - check the pulse, mucous membrane colour and capillary refill time
Cardiac compressions plus artificial respiration together is …?
CPR
CardioPulmonary Resuscitation
Describe the first aid management of shock
Perform the ABC of first aid
Lay patient on its side, extend the neck and lower head
Control any haemorrhage
Apply Warmth
Seek veterinary attention - where the patient will receive intravenous fluids, oxygen and medication, and the cause treated.
Outline the steps for basic wound dressing
Clean the wound, must be patted dry before bandaging
1st layer (contact layer) must be sterile and non-stick, non-fibrous, conform to wound shape, absorbent to allow drainage to next layer. Gauze pad often used
2nd layer (absorbent) wrap from toes or tail tip towards body. Apply several layers. cottonwool, softban
Outer layer (porous adhesive tape) wrap from toes upwards. anchor at margins to skin/hair to stop slipping. vetwrap, elastoplast
Describe the technique for admin of IV injection
Safe restraint of animal with correct positioning Shave site Swab with antiseptic/alcohol Remove all air from syringe Raise vein – compress it proximally can use heat in lab animals Insert needle with bevel up Draw back for flash of blood to double check you are in the vein Release proximal compression Inject slowly When finished, withdraw needle quickly, apply pressure to site for 1 minute Check that no haemorrhage occurs
DEscribe technique for IV catheter placement
Prepare all equipment prior to procedure
Safe restraint of animal with correct positioning
Shave site
Swab with antiseptic/alcohol
Raise vein – compress it proximally
Insert catheter into the skin over the vein at an angle of approx 30 degrees, with stylet bevel up
Look for flash of blood
Change angle to be more level with the angle of the vein
Advance catheter over the stylet along the direction of the vein, while proximal compression is released
Remove stylet
Look for flash of blood to double check you are still in the vein
Place catheter plug (injection port)
Tape catheter into position
What are colloids?
type of fluid
plasma expanders
consisting of plasma, whole blood and synthetic colloids eg dextran, gelatines
help w/ treatment of hypovolaemia and low BP
expensive
may cause anaphalaxis
associated w/ acute renal failure and bleeding disorders
What are the aims of fluid therapy?
Rehydrate (replace fluid deficits)
Maintain normal hydration
Replace lost blood volume
Provide oxygen carrying capacity
Replace essential electrolytes and nutrients
Act as a vehicle for continuous intravenous infusion of drugs
What fluid is typically used for maintenance?
hypotonic crystalloid such as 0.45% NaCl + 2.5% Glucose.
Maintenance fluids must provide the animal with its normal fluid intake, allow for normal losses of fluid from the body.
A typical maintenance rate is 60ml/kg/day or 2.5ml/kg/hr
What is the normal HR, RR and temp for a DOG?
HR 70-140 bpm
RR 10-30
Temp 38.3 - 39.2˚C
What is the normal HR, RR and temp for a CAT?
HR 100 - 200
RR 20 - 30
Temp 38.2 - 38.6
What is the normal HR, RR and temp for a HORSE?
HR 30 - 40
RR 12 - 20
Temp 37.2 - 38.9˚C
Surgical/ anaesthetic fluid rate?
Usually
Dehydration fluid rate = ?
Maintenance + Dehydration + ongoing losses
