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gcse chemistry > topic 9 atmosphere > Flashcards

topic 9 atmosphere Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the idea of phase 1 - believing in how the atmosphere developed

A

-the surfaces of the earth were covered in volcanoes that erupted and released lots of gases

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2
Q

(phase 1) what do scientists think that the early atmosphere was mostly what type of GAS

A

CARBON DIOXIDE, with virtually no oxygen so like mars and venus

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3
Q

PHASE 1- what did volcanic activity release (3)

A

nitrogen, which built up in the atmosphere over time, as well as water vapour and small amounts of methane and ammonia

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4
Q

PHASE 2- what happened when the water vapour in the atmosphere condensed

A

it formed the oceans

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5
Q

phase 2- why was carbon dioxide removed from the early atmosphere
-what did it become when went through a series of reactions

A

as it dissolved in the oceans. This dissolved carbon dioxide went through a series of reactions to form CARBON PRECIPITATES that formed sediments on the seabed

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6
Q

phase 2- what 2 things absorbed carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis

A

green plants and algae

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7
Q

phase 2- what did the shells and skeletons of the marine animals contain

A

carbonates from the oceans

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8
Q

phase 2- some of the carbon that organisms took in from the atmosphere, what happened to them

A

they became locked up in rocks and fossil fuels after the organisms died

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9
Q

P2-what happened to plants, plankton and marine animals when they died

A

they fell to the seabed and got buried by layers of sediment. Over millions of years, they became COMPRESSED and formed SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

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10
Q

P2-when plants, plankton and marine animals become compressed what do they form

A

sedimentary rocks

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11
Q

P2-how is crude oil and natural gas formed

A

from deposits of plankton

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12
Q

P2-what is coal

A

a sedimentary rock made from thick plant deposits

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13
Q

P2-what is limestone made of

A

calcium carbonate deposits from the shells and skeletons of marine organisms

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14
Q

P3- how did green plants and algae produce oxygen by

A

photosynthesis

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15
Q

P3- what is photosynthesis

A

when plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars

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16
Q

P3- what evolved first, algae or green plants

A

algae

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17
Q

what gases are produced when FOSSIL FUELS are burned

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • oxides of nitrogen
  • sulphur dioxide
  • carbon monoxide
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18
Q

fossil fuels such as crude oil and coal contain what …

A

hydrocarbons

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19
Q

during combustion, what happens to the carbon and hydrogen in hydrocarbons and why does this happen

A

they are oxidised so that carbon dioxide and water vapour are released into the atmosphere

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20
Q

what is complete combustion

A

when there is plenty of oxygen and all of the fuel burns

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21
Q

what is incomplete combustion

A

when there is not enough oxygen and some of the fuel does not burn

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22
Q

why is inhaling particles from the air bad

A

because they can get stuck in the lungs and cause damage, this can lead to respiratory problems

23
Q

why are particles in the air bad for the environment

A

they themselves, or the clouds they help to produce, reflect sunlight back into space. This means that less light reaches the earth- causing global dimming

24
Q

what is caused if less light reaches the earth

A

global dimming

25
Q

why is carbon monoxide bad for your blood

A

-it can stop your blood from doing its proper job of carrying oxygen around the body

26
Q

how does carbon monoxide stop blood from carrying oxygen around body

A

it does this by binding to haemoglobin in your blood that normally carries oxygen, so less oxygen is able to be transported round body

27
Q

`what can a lack of blood in body lead to

A

fainting, coma or even death

28
Q

why is carbon monoxide very very dangerous

A

because it is hard to detect as it has no colour or smell

29
Q

what is released during the combustion of fossil fuels that contain sulphur impurities

A

sulphur dioxide (S02)

30
Q

how is nitrogen oxide created

A

from a reaction between the nitrogen and oxygen in the air caused by the heat of the burning

31
Q

when sulphur dioxide or nitrogen oxide mix with clouds what do they form and what do they fall as

A

dilute sulphuric acid or dilute nitric acid and they fall as acid rain

32
Q

why is acid rain dangerous

A

because it kills plants and damages buildings and statues and it also makes metal corrode

33
Q

why is sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide bad for humans

A

they can cause respiratory problems if breathed in

34
Q

give 3 examples of greenhouse gases

A

carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour

35
Q

why are the 3 examples of greenhouses gases good for the earth’s atmosphere

A

because they act like an insulating layer and allows the earth to to be warm enough to support life

36
Q

what wavelength does the earth absorb in

A

the long wavelength that gets reflected back off the earth from the sun

37
Q

what is the long wavelength called that results in warming of the surface of the earth

A

thermal radiation

38
Q

what is the greenhouse effect

A

the thermal radiation that results in the warming of the earth

39
Q

how does DEFORESTATION affect the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

A

fewer trees means less carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere via PHOTOSYNTHESIS

40
Q

how does burning FOSSIL FUELS affect the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

A

carbon that was ‘LOCKED UP’ in these fuels is released as CO2

41
Q

how does AGRICULTURE affect the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

A

more farm animals produce methane through their digestive processes

42
Q

what do scientists believe will lead to climate change

A

the increased amount of carbon dioxide used by humans

43
Q

what gases are present in the atmosphere today

A
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • small % of other gases such as: carbon dioxide, water vapour and noble gases such as argon
44
Q

what was the atmosphere like in the past

A
  • mainly carbon dioxide

- very little or no oxygen

45
Q

what do scientists believe that volcanoes do that formed the atmosphere

A

they released gases that formed the atmosphere such as water vapour

46
Q

what gases where released when volcanoes erupted (4)

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • nitrogen
  • ammonia
  • methane
47
Q

how were oceans formed

A

as the earth cooled, water vapour condensed to form oceans

48
Q

how were weak acids formed in the oceans

A

because some carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean

49
Q

what did the weak acids in the oceans react with to form what

A

they reacted with minerals to form precipitates- this formed sediments of carbonate rock on the sea bed

50
Q

what removed Co2 from the atmosphere- one example

A

limestone

51
Q

what 2 planets was the early atmosphere like

A

venus and mars

52
Q

how did oxygen come into the atmosphere

A
  • photosynthetic algae evolved in the oceans

- photosynthesis produced oxygen which entered the atmosphere

53
Q

what increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere (what evolved)

A

plants evolved

54
Q

what can carbon be trapped into

A

fossil fuels

gcse chemistry (15 decks)

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