topic 2 bonding Flashcards
what are the three states of matter
solid, liquid and gas
what is particle theory
a model where each particle is seen as a small, solid sphere(ball)
give 3 properties of solids
- there are strong forces of attraction between the particles
- the particles are held together in fixed positions to form a pattern
- solids have a fixed shape and volume
give 3 properties of liquids
- there are weak forces of attraction between the particles
- randomly arranged and free to move past each other, but they stick closely together
- have a fixed volume but dot keep a fixed shape
give 4 properties gases
- the forces of attraction between the particles are very weak
- the particles are free to move and are spread far apart
- particles travel in straight lines
- dont have a fixed shape or volume but will always fill containers
what does the sign “aq” mean
aqueous which means dissolved in water
a gas turning to a liquid is called
condensing
a liquid turning back into a solid is called
freezing
a solid turning into liquid is called
melting
a liquid turning into gas is called
boiling
the stronger the forces the more…
energy needed to break them and so the higher the melting and boiling points of the substance
if the temperature is below the melting point, whats its state
solid
if the temperature is above the boiling point, whats its state
gas
what are metals
giant structures of atoms, this means they contain lots of atoms bonded together
what happens to the electrons in the outer shell in metals
they are free to move around (delocalised)
between the positive metal ions and the negative electrons what kind of attraction is there
strong forces of electrostatic attraction
there are strong forces of attraction between the …
positive metal ions and the negative electrons these are known as metallic bonds
what does metallic bonding do
it holds the atoms together in a regular pattern
give 3 properties of metallic bonds
- strong, so lots of energy needed to break them
- have very high boiling and melting points
- solids at room temp
what happens to the delocalised electrons in metals
they are free to move
metals are good conductors of …
heat and electricity
what happens to the layers in metals
they can slide over each other because of this metals can be bent or formed into different shapes
what is an alloy
a mixture of 2 or more metals or a metal and anther element
when you mix another element with a pure metal what happens to the layers
it causes the layers of the metal atoms to lose their shape because different elements have different sized atoms
metals are good conductors of …
heat and electricity
in a diamond each carbon atoms forms how many covalent bonds
4 covalent bonds- it makes diamond very hard
what type of melting point does diamond have
a high melting point as it takes a lot of energy to break the bonds
why does diamond not always conduct electricity
because it has no free electrons to move
graphite contains layers of what
carbon atoms arranged in hexagons
in graphite what does each carbon atom form
3 covalent bonds
why can the layers in graphite move over each other
because there are not any covalent bonds between the atoms, this makes graphite soft and slippery
what melting point does graphite have
a high melting point as lots of energy is needed to break the covalent bonds in the layers
in graphite what does each carbon atom have that is free to move
one free electron it is delocalised- so graphite conducts electricity and thermal energy
what is graphene
a sheet of carbon atoms joined together in hexagons- one layer of graphite
give 2 properties of Graphene
- its covalent bonds make it very strong
- it is very light
- conducts electricty
what can graphene be added to other materials to make what
to make composites
what are fullerenes
molecules of carbon shaped like closed tubes o hallow balls
what are fullerenes arranged in
mainly hexagons
what can fullerenes form rings of
5 carbon atoms or rings of 7 carbon atoms
what can fullerenes form
- drugs
- nanotubes- tiny carbon cylinders
what are small units in a polymer used to make
a large molecule
how are all the atoms in a polymers joined by
covalent bonds
what are the intermolecular forces like in polymers compared to them simple covalent molecules
larger- so more energy needed to break them
what are polymers at room temp
solids
what are intermolecular forces like in polymmers compared to ionic or covalent bonds
weaker- so have a lower melting and boiling point
give 3 examples of giant covalent structures
- diamond
- graphite
- graphene
in giant covalent bonds, how are all the atoms bonded together
by strong covalent bonds
give 2 things that are common about giant covalent structures
- they all have high melting points as lots of energy is needed to break them
- they don’t conduct electricity (except graphite)
what are simple molecular substances made out of
molecules that contain a few atoms joined together by covalent bonds
what are the forces of attraction like between the simple molecular substances
very weak
simple molecular substances have low …
melting and boiling points
what are most simple molecular substances at room temp
liquids or gases
what is covalent bonding
when a non-metal and a metal atom bonds together and share a pair of electrons
what type of electrostatic forces do covalent bonds have
very strong
what are ionic compounds arranged in and what are they called
in patterns called giant ionic lattice
what are there between oppositely charged ions
strong electrostatic forces of attraction
give 3 properties of ionic compounds
-have high melting and boiling points
-when solid they don’t conduct electricity
when melted, the ions are free to move and conduct electricity
what is ionic compounds
when a metal and a non-metal atom reacts together
when metal atoms lose an electron what ion do they form
positively charged ions
when non-metal atoms lose an electron what ion do they form
negatively charged ions
what are ions
charged particles
when are ions formed
when atoms lose or gain electrons
solid to a liquid is called
melting
liquid to a gas is called
boiling
gas to a liquid is called
condensing
liquid to a solid is called
freezing
in diamond each carbon atom is forms how many covalent bonds
4
why does diamond not conduct electricity
because it has no free electrons to move
how many covalent bonds does graphite form
3
what are fullerenes
molecules of carbon shaped like closed tubes or hallow balls
give the name of the first fullerene delivered
buckministerfullerene
how are fullerenes good
- they have a huge surface area, so they could help to make great industrial catalysts
- they make great lubricants
how are fullerenes arranged
made of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons, pentagons and heptagons
how can fullerenes be used to deliver drugs
because it is used to CAGE other molecules. The fullerene structure forms around another atom or molecule, which is then trapped inside
solid to a liquid is called
melting
liquid to a gas is called
boiling
gas to a liquid is called
condensing
liquid to a solid is called
freezing
in diamond each carbon atom is forms how many covalent bonds
4
why does diamond not conduct electricity
because it has no free electrons to move
how many covalent bonds does graphite form
3
what are fullerenes
molecules of carbon shaped like closed tubes or hallow balls
give the name of the first fullerene delivered
buckministerfullerene
how are fullerenes good
- they have a huge surface area, so they could help to make great industrial catalysts
- they make great lubricants
how are fullerenes arranged
made of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons, pentagons and heptagons
how can fullerenes be used to deliver drugs
because it is used to CAGE other molecules. The fullerene structure forms around another atom or molecule, which is then trapped inside
give 3 properties of metallic bonds
- strong, so lots of energy needed to break them
- have very high boiling and melting points
- solids at room temp
what happens to the delocalised electrons in metals
they are free to move
what happens to the layers in metals
they can slide over each other because of this metals can be bent or formed into different shapes
what is an alloy
a mixture of 2 or more metals or a metal and anther element
when you mix another element with a pure metal what happens to the layers
it causes the layers of the metal atoms to lose their shape because different elements have different sized atoms
