Topic 9 - Animal Health Flashcards
Describe how an animals body responds to disease (defence)
Non-specific defence:
1st line defence:
-skin, MM, urinary, patrolling cells, fever, inflamm (histamine)
2nd line:
-lymph sys, abscess
Specific defence:
-b cells & t cells
What do you do to monitor an animals health?
Observation
- distance & physical exam
- vitals, TPR
- diagnostics (bloods, urine, saliva, discharges)
- food & water intake
Describe what you would observe in a distance examination
Level of consciousness Body condition posture mobility conformation discharges, injuries behaviour normal/abnormal? usual response to stimuli? eat/drink/urinate/defecate/temperament normal? odours
Describe what you would include in a physical examination
Head (face, eyes, ears, mouth, gums, teeth)
Front (neck, legs, chest, feet, nails)
middle (thorax, abdomen, back)
rear (legs, feet, nails, perineum, tail)
Specifics:
HR, RR, CRT, PR Temp, MM, skin/coat, weight/BC, hydration, discharges, anal glands, genitalia, lymph nodes
Describe the normal TPR for a cat
T = 38.6˚C
P (HR) = 110 - 140 bpm
R = 26 bpm
Describe the normal TPR for a dog
T = 38.8˚C P = 100 - 130 bpm R = 22 bpm
Describe the normal TPR for a horse
T = 37.7˚C P = 23 - 70 bpm R = 12 bpm
Describe the clinical signs a normal, healthy animal would display
keen reflexes w/ sharp response to stimuli
clear bright eyes w/ no discharge
clean, glossy coat w/ no evidence of matting or parasites
free movement
clear, yellow urine passes w/ out pain or difficulty
firm, brown faeces passed easily w/ no pain/difficulty
normal appetite/drinking
superficial lymph nodes should not be enlarged
Provide a summary of maintaining animal health
- Quarantine new animals
- maintain strict hygiene
- provide optimum enviro cond.
- provide shelter & absorbent/clean/safe bedding/flooring
- provide optimum nutrition
- Provide clean drinking water
- ” enviro enrichment
- ” psychological “
- ” correct social structure
- practice preventative medicine
- Adjust husbandry practices according to physiological status of animal
- monitor, observe, examine
- report any abnormalities & seek professional advice if necessary
What does it mean if MM are... Pink? Muddy/grey? Brick red? pale/white? blue? yellow?
Pink - normal muddy/grey - poor perfusion brick red - septic shock pale/white - anemia or poor perfusion blue - cyanosis, hypoxia (lack of O2) yellow - jaundice (liver issues)
List the signs of pain in an animal (dog)
vocalising salivation guarding self mutilation dilated pupils rigid muscles changes in sleep/eat/defecate/urinate/drink
List the 4 kinds of pain
somatic (skin, bone, muscle, tendon)
visceral (internal organs)
neuropathic (nerve endings, spinal cord, brain)
referred (pain from organ results in pain elsewhere in body)
Describe the signs of acute pain
> RR, HR, BP
dilated pupils
vocalising
distressed
Describe the signs of chronic pain
Normal HR, RR, BO
reduced activity
depression
