Topic 8 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Describe body organisation
cells=>tissues=>organs=>systems
Find a photo of a horse or dog. Describe the terms: Cranial Caudal Dorsal Lateral Ventral Proximal Distal Palmar Plantar Medial Rostral
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Describe cell structure
Cytoplasm contains organelles
Plasma membrane allows substances to pass through via diffusion (passive), osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis
Balanced cell fluid is 0.9% saline solution
Name and give examples of the 4 kinds of tissues
Epithelial -skin, gut lining, resp. tract
Connective -tendons, ligaments, adipose
Muscle -skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Nervous -neurones
Name and describe the 2 layers of the skin
Epidermis -contains keratin and exocrine glands
Dermis -loose connective tissue well supplied w/ blood
What constitutes the skeletal system?
bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles
Name the bones of the forelimb (use picture). What does it articulate with?
humerus radius ulna carpals metacarpals phalanges -articulates w/ scapula
Name the bones of the hindlimb (use picture). What does it articulate with?
Femur patella tibia fibula tarsals metatarsals digits -articulates w/ pelvis
Describe bones
- periosteum
- epiphysis
- diaphysis
- compact bone
periosteum -outside tough covering epiphysis -far ends of bone diaphysis -between epiphysis' compact bone -made of osteocytes spongy bone red/yellow marrow
Name the four basic types of joints
saddle
hinge
ball & socket
plane
What do ligaments do?
allow joints to move in right direction & not too far in wrong direction
What do tendons do?
attach skeletal muscles to skeleton
Muscles only pull and work in antagonistic pairs. T or F?
True
What is flexion?
movement that reduces angle of joint
What is extension?
increases angle of joint
What does blood transport and do?
Oxygen nutrients waste -maintains homeostasis -defends from disease =>plasma = water proteins CO2 =>WBC's = neutrophils destroy bacteria, eosinophils allergies & parasite infections =>lymphocytes = antibodies
Describe the heart and a heart beat
4 chambers
valves prevent back flow (semilunar for ventricles)
Endocardium => myocardium => epicardium (inside)
HB:
1. blood flows R=>L atria
2. Atria contract, blood flows => ventricles
3. Ventricles contract, closing atrio-ventricular valves (1st sound)
4. Blood flows to lungs & body. When ventricles stop contracting closing of semilunar valves = 2nd sound
What does the upper airway consist of?
nostrils, nasal passages oral cavity, larynx, trachea
What does the lower airway consist of?
bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Describe inspiration
Ribs move up & out, diaphragm flattens. Increased V of pleural cavity
Describe expiration
passive process. relaxation of muscles & recoiling of elastic tissue
How is breathing rate determined?
[CO2]
High [CO2] = acidic blood
Acquired, humoral immunity involves which cell type?
B cells -antibodies
Cellular immunity involves which cell type?
T cells -cytotoxic, helper, suppresor
What is digested in the sml intestine?
fats, proteins, CHD. Villi increase SA
What is digested in the lrg intestine?
Consists of colon & caecum.
H2o absorption, some B1 & K vitamins produced, Cellulose breakdown
List the 6 nutritional requirements of animals
Water Protein Fat CHD Minerals Vitamins
Name 3 digestive enzymes and what they catabolise
Trypsin -protein
Lipase -lipid
Amylase -starch
Name the components of the urinary system
kidneys - excrete urea, control H2O [ ], salt [ ], & blood acidity
regulated by hormones such as renin-angiotensin
Consist of: glomerulus bowman's capsule proximal & distal convoluted tubule loop of Henle collecting duct
Describe the organisation of the nervous system
somatic NS - voluntary, input - sense organs, output- skeletal muscle
autonomic NS - invol, I: internal receptors, O: smooth muscl
=> sympathetic MS -fight or flight, noradrenaline
=> parasympathetic MS -rest & digest, acetylcholine
Describe some components of the endocrine sys
endocrine glands are ductless hormone secretors
main organs: hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, sex organs
Anterior pit: GH, ADH, sex hormones,
Posterior pit: melatonin, thyroxine
