Topic 8 - Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Describe body organisation

Answer 1

cells=>tissues=>organs=>systems

Question 2

Find a photo of a horse or dog. Describe the terms:
Cranial
Caudal
Dorsal
Lateral
Ventral
Proximal
Distal
Palmar
Plantar
Medial
Rostral

Answer 2

…

Question 3

Describe cell structure

Answer 3

Cytoplasm contains organelles

Plasma membrane allows substances to pass through via diffusion (passive), osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis

Balanced cell fluid is 0.9% saline solution

Question 4

Name and give examples of the 4 kinds of tissues

Answer 4

Epithelial -skin, gut lining, resp. tract
Connective -tendons, ligaments, adipose
Muscle -skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Nervous -neurones

Question 5

Name and describe the 2 layers of the skin

Answer 5

Epidermis -contains keratin and exocrine glands

Dermis -loose connective tissue well supplied w/ blood

Question 6

What constitutes the skeletal system?

Answer 6

bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles

Question 7

Name the bones of the forelimb (use picture). What does it articulate with?

Answer 7

humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
-articulates w/ scapula

Question 8

Name the bones of the hindlimb (use picture). What does it articulate with?

Answer 8

Femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
digits
-articulates w/ pelvis

Question 9

Describe bones

• periosteum
• epiphysis
• diaphysis
• compact bone

Answer 9

periosteum -outside tough covering
epiphysis -far ends of bone
diaphysis -between epiphysis'
compact bone -made of osteocytes
spongy bone
red/yellow marrow

Question 10

Name the four basic types of joints

Answer 10

saddle
hinge
ball & socket
plane

Question 11

What do ligaments do?

Answer 11

allow joints to move in right direction & not too far in wrong direction

Question 12

What do tendons do?

Answer 12

attach skeletal muscles to skeleton

Question 13

Muscles only pull and work in antagonistic pairs. T or F?

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What is flexion?

Answer 14

movement that reduces angle of joint

Question 15

What is extension?

Answer 15

increases angle of joint

Question 16

What does blood transport and do?

Answer 16

Oxygen
nutrients
waste
-maintains homeostasis
-defends from disease
=>plasma = water proteins CO2
=>WBC's = neutrophils destroy bacteria, eosinophils allergies & parasite infections
=>lymphocytes = antibodies

Question 17

Describe the heart and a heart beat

Answer 17

4 chambers
valves prevent back flow (semilunar for ventricles)
Endocardium => myocardium => epicardium (inside)
HB:
1. blood flows R=>L atria
2. Atria contract, blood flows => ventricles
3. Ventricles contract, closing atrio-ventricular valves (1st sound)
4. Blood flows to lungs & body. When ventricles stop contracting closing of semilunar valves = 2nd sound

Question 18

What does the upper airway consist of?

Answer 18

nostrils, nasal passages oral cavity, larynx, trachea

Question 19

What does the lower airway consist of?

Answer 19

bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 20

Describe inspiration

Answer 20

Ribs move up & out, diaphragm flattens. Increased V of pleural cavity

Question 21

Describe expiration

Answer 21

passive process. relaxation of muscles & recoiling of elastic tissue

Question 22

How is breathing rate determined?

Answer 22

[CO2]

High [CO2] = acidic blood

Question 23

Acquired, humoral immunity involves which cell type?

Answer 23

B cells -antibodies

Question 24

Cellular immunity involves which cell type?

Answer 24

T cells -cytotoxic, helper, suppresor

Question 25

What is digested in the sml intestine?

Answer 25

fats, proteins, CHD. Villi increase SA

Question 26

What is digested in the lrg intestine?

Answer 26

Consists of colon & caecum.

H2o absorption, some B1 & K vitamins produced, Cellulose breakdown

Question 27

List the 6 nutritional requirements of animals

Answer 27

Water
Protein
Fat
CHD
Minerals
Vitamins

Question 28

Name 3 digestive enzymes and what they catabolise

Answer 28

Trypsin -protein
Lipase -lipid
Amylase -starch

Question 29

Name the components of the urinary system

Answer 29

kidneys - excrete urea, control H2O [ ], salt [ ], & blood acidity
regulated by hormones such as renin-angiotensin

Consist of:
glomerulus
bowman's capsule
proximal & distal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
collecting duct

Question 30

Describe the organisation of the nervous system

Answer 30

somatic NS - voluntary, input - sense organs, output- skeletal muscle

autonomic NS - invol, I: internal receptors, O: smooth muscl
=> sympathetic MS -fight or flight, noradrenaline
=> parasympathetic MS -rest & digest, acetylcholine

Question 31

Describe some components of the endocrine sys

Answer 31

endocrine glands are ductless hormone secretors
main organs: hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, sex organs
Anterior pit: GH, ADH, sex hormones,
Posterior pit: melatonin, thyroxine