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Biology AQA Year 2 > Topic 8A: Mutations > Flashcards

Topic 8A: Mutations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Changes in the base sequence of DNA

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2
Q

What causes a mutation?

A
  • errors in DNA replication

- environment?

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3
Q

How can the RATE of mutations be increased?

A

by using mutagenic agents

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4
Q

Name the types of mutations..

A 
Deletion
Addition
Duplication
Substitution 
Inversion
Translocation
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5
Q

What is a substitution mutation?

A

When one or more bases are swapped for another

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6
Q

What is a deletion mutation?

A

When one or more bases are removed

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7
Q

What is an addition mutation?

A

When one or more bases are added

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8
Q

What is a duplication mutation?

A

When one or more bases are repeated

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9
Q

What is an inversion mutation?

A

When a sequence of bases is reversed

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10
Q

What is a translocation mutation?

A

When a sequence of bases is moved from one location in the genome to another

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11
Q

Which mutations cause a frame shift?

A

Addition
Deletion
Duplication

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12
Q

What effect does mutations have on a body?

A
  • changes the aa acid sequence of a polypeptide
  • alters tertiary structure
  • changed 3D shape
  • doesn’t work properly
  • mention active site and catalyst when talking about enzymes
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13
Q

Some mutations can cause…

A

genetic disorders

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14
Q

What are genetic disorders?

A

inherited disorders caused by abnormal genes or chromosomes

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15
Q

An example of genetic disorder?

A

cystic fibrosis

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16
Q

Some mutations can increase the chance of have developing certain cancer like…..

A

BRAC 1 can increase the chances of developing breast cancer

17
Q

What is a hereditary mutation?

A
  • When the gamete contains a mutation for a genetic disorder
  • or when a type of cancer is fertilised
  • this will be present in the fetus
  • mutations that are passed down in the offspring
18
Q

Are all hereditary mutations harmful?

A

No-some are beneficial and drive evolution

19
Q

Not all mutations affect the order of amino acids. Why?

A

Because the genetic code is degenerate. This means more than one DNA triplet codes for the same amino acid.

20
Q

What is it called when the mutation doesn’t cause a change?

A

a silent mutation

21
Q

What happens in an Addition mutation?

A
  • causes a frame shift to the RIGHT
  • changes the number of bases in DNA code
  • triplet code is altered
22
Q

What happens in a Deletion mutation?

A
  • causes a frame shift to the LEFT
  • changes the number of bases in DNA code
  • triplet code is altered
23
Q

What happens in a Duplication mutation?

A
  • causes a frame shift to the RIGHT
  • changes the number of bases in DNA code
  • triplet code is altered
24
Q

Mutations occur…

A

spontaneously

25
Q

Name examples of mutagenic agents

A
  • ultraviolet radiation
  • ionising radiation
  • some chemicals and viruses
26
Q

How do mutagenic agents increase the rate of mutations?

A
  • Act as a base
  • Alters bases
  • Changes the structure
27
Q

How do mutagenic agents act as a base?

A
  • Chemicals called “base analogs” can substitute for a base during DNA replication
  • This changes the base sequence in DNA
28
Q

Example of a base analog

A
  • 5-bromouracil substitutes for thymine
  • it pairs with guanine instead of adenine
  • causes substitution mutation in new DNA
29
Q

How do mutagenic agents alter the bases?

A

-some chemicals can delete or alter bases

30
Q

Example of a mutagenic agent that alters bases

A
  • alkylating agents can add an alkyl group to guanine
  • this changes the structure
  • pairs with thymine instead of cystosine
31
Q

How do mutagenic agents change the structure of DNA?

A
  • radiation can change the structure of DNA

- this causes problems in DNA replication

32
Q

Example of a mutagenic agent that changes the structure of DNA

A
  • UV Radiation

- causes adjacent thymine bases to pair up together

Biology AQA Year 2 (15 decks)

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