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Psyc-me > Topic 8-stress and coping > Flashcards

Topic 8-stress and coping Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main approaches to health and illness?

A
  • The biomedical model

- The biopsychological model

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2
Q

What is the biomedical model?

A

A perspective that focuses on illness rather than health, explaining illness in terms of biological factors without regard to psychological and social factors

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3
Q

What is the biopsychological model?

A

A perspective that focuses on health as well as illness, and holds that both are determined by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors.

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4
Q

What is health psychology?

A

The field concerned with the psychological factors that

contribute to health, illness, and response to illness.

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5
Q

What is stress?

A
  • The physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person
  • Requires some form of adaptation or adjustment.
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6
Q

What is general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

A

The predictable sequence of reactions (the alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages) that organisms show in response to stressors. According to Seyle: nonspecific response to stress

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7
Q

What is stressor?

A

Any events capable of producing physical or emotional stress. Cause specific on non-specific responses

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8
Q

What is alarm stage?

A

The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome, when there is emotional arousal and the defensive forces of the body are prepared for fight or flight. The sympathetic nervous system, through the release of hormones, mobilizes the body to fight or flee.

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9
Q

what are the 3 stages of GAS?

A

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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10
Q

What is the resistance stage?

A
  • The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome, during which there are intense physiological efforts to resist or adapt to the stressor.
  • Resistance stage is entered when the stressor cannot be quickly conquered or avoided
  • During the resistance stage, the adrenal glands pour out powerful hormones (glucocorticoids) to help the body resist stressors.
  • May last a long time. Length depends on both strength or intensity
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11
Q

What is exhaustion stage?

A

The final stage of the general adaptation syndrome, occurring if the organism fails in its efforts to resist the stressor.

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12
Q

What is primary appraisal ?

A

Evaluating the significance of a potentially stressful event according to how it will affect one’s well-being—whether it is perceived as irrelevant or as involving harm or loss, threat, or challenge.

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13
Q

What is secondary appraisal?

A

Evaluating one’s coping resources and deciding how to deal with a stressful event.

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14
Q

According to Selye, what would produce stress in an organism?

A

Selye claimed that any event requiring a readjustment,

positive or negative, will produce stress in an organism

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15
Q

What is eustress?

A

Positive or good stress, including exhilaration,

excitement, and the thrill of accomplishment.

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16
Q

What did Walter Cannon describe?

A

fight-or-flight response to stress with sympathetic nervous system.

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17
Q

What did Hans Selye known for?

A

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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18
Q

What is distress?

A

Damaging or unpleasant stress, such as frustration, inadequacy,
loss, disappointment, insecurity, helplessness, or desperation

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19
Q

What is general adaptation syndrome curve?

A

Time vs Resistance to stress curve
Alarm Stage- there is a sharp drop in resistance, with a gradual increase after it
In resistance stage- peak resistance is met and decline starts to occur
Exhaustion stage- continuous drop in resistance

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20
Q

What is primary appraisal?

A

Evaluating the significance of a potentially stressful event according to how it will affect one’s well being—
is it perceived as irrelevant or as involving harm or loss, threat, or challenge.

21
Q

What is secondary appraisal?

A

Evaluating one’s coping resources and deciding how to deal with a stressful event.
Level of stress we feel depends on whether our resources are adequate to deal with the stress

22
Q

What does the stress response depend on?

A

The stress response depends on the outcome of the primary and secondary appraisals, whether the person’s coping resources are adequate to cope with the threat, and how severely the resources are taxed in the process.

23
Q

Stress is disproportionally experienced by the ___, ____, and the ___

A

Stress is disproportionally experienced by the poor, minorities, and the elderly

24
Q

What is approach-approach conflict?

A

A conflict arising from having to choose between desirable alternatives.
ex: what movie to see, building career or raising a child

25
Q

What is avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

A conflict arising from having to choose between equally undesirable alternatives
Avoid studying for an exam, but also want to avoid failing the exam

26
Q

What is approach-avoidance conflict

A

A conflict arising when a choice
has both desirable and undesirable features, so that you are both drawn to and repelled by the same choice
e.x Want to go on vacation, but have to empty bank account..

27
Q

What is PTSD?

A
  • post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)- A prolonged and severe stress reaction to a catastrophic or otherwise traumatic event;
  • characterized by anxiety, psychic numbing, withdrawal from others, and the feeling that one is reliving the traumatic experience.
28
Q

What are the everyday sources of stress?

A
  • Conflicting motives: Approach-Approach Conflict, Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict, Approach-Avoidance Conflict
  • Unpredictability and lack of control.
  • Historical racism (history of repression of one particular group) and link to stress.
29
Q

What are the stages of stress in catastrophes?

A

First stage = disoriented, often unaware of own injuries
Second stage = victims show concern for others; follow directions of rescue workers.
Third stage = shock replaced by generalized anxiety.

30
Q

What are the PTSD symptoms?

A

flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive memories as if re-experiencing the traumatic event

31
Q

What is delayed PTSD?

A

appears up to six months or more after traumatic experience (can be immediate)

32
Q

What is survivor guilt?

A

survivors of war, catastrophic events experience

33
Q

Define coping

A

our efforts to deal with taxing or overwhelming demands.

34
Q

What is problem-focused coping?

A

reducing, modifying, eliminating source(s) of stress e.g Acting to remove or lessen the threat.

35
Q

What is emotion-focused coping?

A

A response aimed at reducing the emotional distress caused by the stressor e.g Viewing the stressor as a challenge rather than a threat.

36
Q

What is the best coping strategy to cope with stress?

A

Combination of problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping

37
Q

What is SRRS? What are its limitations?

A
  • Social Readjustment Rating Scale – For Ranking Stress in Life by Holmes and Rahe
  • Ranks life events from most to least stressful.
  • Connection between degree of life stress and major health problems.
  • Limitations: doesn’t consider if its is a change for better or worse
38
Q

Describe hassles and uplifts

A

Lazarus believes hassles add more stress than major life events.

  • Hassles = irritating, frustrating, distressing demands, troubled relationships day in and day out.
  • Uplifts = positive experiences which may neutralize hassles.
39
Q

What is AIDS and HIV?

Treatment?

A 
AIDS = Acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; causes AIDS.
HAART = highly active antiretroviral therapy; combination of at least three medications.
40
Q

What is hardiness?

A

A combination of three psychological qualities shared by people who can undergo high levels of stress yet remain healthy:

  • commitment to one’s personal goals
  • a sense of control over one’s life,
  • tendency to view change as a challenge rather than as a threat.
41
Q

How can stress affect immune system?

A
  • Stress can decrease levels of immune system’s B and T cells. Increased instances of infectious disease.
  • Stress and anxiety can worsen autoimmune diseases
42
Q

What is Psychoneuroimmunology?

A

How psychological factors (emotions, thinking, behaviour) affect immune system.

43
Q

What are the effects of optimism?

A

optimism lowers stress; may reduce risk of illness (positive psychology).

44
Q

What are the effects of nicotine?

A

Nicotine can improve mental sharpness, alertness, memory, and reduce tension and anxiety- leads to an addiction

45
Q

Describe trying to quit smoking

A

Average smoker makes 5-6 attempts to quit before succeeding.
Success rate of only 20% using nicotine patches, and does not improve with out things like high social support.

46
Q

Is there a genetic factor to alcoholism?

A

Yes

47
Q

How much should we exercise to achieve health benefits?

A

2.5h/week

Daily brisk walk 30 minutes or more helps reduce stress, lowers death rate.

48
Q

What are the 3 types of stress response?

A
  • Physiological: Autonomic arousal, fluctuations in hormones
  • Emotional: Anxiety, fear, grief, resentment, excitement
  • Behavioural: Coping behaviours (including problem focused and emotion-focused coping strategies)

Psyc-me (7 decks)

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