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Ch 9- psych disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the perspectives on causes of abnormal behaviour?

A

Biological
• Symptom of underlying physical disorder
Psychodynamic
• Psychological disorders stem from early childhood
experiences; unresolved unconscious sexual or aggressive conflicts; and/or imbalance among the id,
ego, and superego.
Learning
• Abnormal thoughts/feelings learned like other behaviors
Cognitive
• Faulty and negative thinking patterns
Humanistic
• Blocking self-actualization

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2
Q

What is DSM-5?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Enables professionals to speak same language when diagnosing, treating,
researching, conversing about variety of psychological disorders.
- Describes 300 mental disorders.

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3
Q

Name 2 psychological disorders

A

Neurosis

Psychosis

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4
Q

What is neurosis?

A

An obsolete term for a disorder causing personal distress and some impairment in functioning but not causing one to lose contact with reality or to violate important social norms.

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5
Q

What is psychosis?

A

A severe psychological disorder. A person with psychosis suffers delusions (false beliefs) and/or hallucinations (false sensations) and has greatly impaired everyday functioning.

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6
Q

Define anxiety

A

vague, general uneasiness, feeling something bad about to happen.

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7
Q

What is the most common category of mental disorders in Canada

A

Anxiety disorders + obsessive-compulsive + related disorders

Affects 12% of Canadians

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8
Q

Describe generalized anxiety disorder. Describe the symptoms. Give examples

A

Disorders characterized by anxiety and avoidance behaviour
Symptoms: trembling, palpitations, sweating, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, frequent urination.
Panic disorder, Social phobia
Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder

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9
Q

What are panic attacks and panic disorder?

A

Panic Attack: Attacks of overwhelming anxiety, fear, terror.
Panic Disorder: Diagnosed with recurring panic attacks.

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10
Q

What are phobias?

A
  • Persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of object, situation, activity.
  • Realize their fear is irrational.
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11
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Intense fear in situations where immediate escape not possible or no help.

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12
Q

What is social anxiety disorder?

A
  • Irrational fear of social or performance situations if might embarrass, humiliate self in front of others.
  • One third fear only speaking in public.
  • Higher incidence of drug use.
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13
Q

What is specific phobia?

A
  • Phobias other than agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder.
  • Frequency: situational; fear of natural environment; animals; blood-injection-injury phobia.
  • Fear is not a phobia unless great distress or interferes with life in major way.
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14
Q

What are the causes of phobias?

A
  • Genetic predisposition.
  • Conditioning.
  • Observational learning.
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15
Q

What is OCD?

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): An anxiety disorder in which a person suffers from obsessions and/or compulsions

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16
Q

What is obsession? Compulsion?

A

obsessions: Persistent, recurring, involuntary thoughts, images, or impulses that invade consciousness and cause great distress.
compulsion: A persistent, irresistible, irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly.

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17
Q

What are the causes of OCD?

A
  • Early autoimmune system diseases, strep infections, changes in brain from infections.
  • Twin studies suggest genetics.
  • Genes affecting serotonin functioning suspected.
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18
Q

What are the 2 types of somatic symptom disorders?

A

1) Illness Anxiety Disorder

2) Conversion Disorder

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19
Q

What are Somatic Symptom Disorders?

A

Bodily symptoms not explained by known medical conditions.

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20
Q

What is Illness Anxiety Disorder?

A
  • hypochondriasis
  • Overly concerned about health.
  • Fear that bodily symptoms are sign of serious disease.
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21
Q

What is conversion disorder?

A

• Loss of motor or sensory functioning in some part of body.
• No physical cause.
• Solves a psychological problem.
• La belle indifference- many patients with conversion disorder exhibit a
calm and cool indifference to their symptoms,

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22
Q

What is dissociative amnesia?

A
  • Complete or partial loss of ability to recall personal information or identify past experiences.
  • Not from forgetfulness or substance use.
  • Psychological cause.
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23
Q

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

A
  • A dissociative disorder in which two or more distinct personalities occur in the same individual, each taking over at different times; also called multiple personality.
  • Host personality has executive control of body most times.
  • Alter personalities may differ radically even in gender, age, sexual orientation.
  • Trauma as cause, way to cope.
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24
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

• Most serious of the psychological disorders.
• Affects one person in a hundred.
• Begins in adolescence or early adulthood.
• Social disruption and misery for sufferers and their families.
- there is no one single symptom. The symptoms of schizophrenia fall into
two categories: positive and negative.

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25
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
•Hallucinations: imaginary sensations. • Delusions: false beliefs not shared by others in the culture. - Delusions of grandeur: believe they are a famous person. - Delusions of persecution: false belief that others will cause harm. • Thought disturbances. • Grossly disorganized behaviour. • Inappropriate affect: facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures not reflecting emotion expected.
26
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
* Loss or deficiency in normal thoughts and behaviours. * Flat affect/apathy: no usual emotional response;robotic. * Social withdrawal; loss of motivation; slow speech; poor hygiene; limited speech; lack of goal-directed activity; poor problem-solving skills * Those with negative symptoms have poorest outcomes.
27
What are brain abnormalities in schizophrenia?
• Low activity levels in frontal lobes. • Defects in neural circuitry of the cerebral cortex and limbic system • Reduced volume in hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, frontal lobe grey matter. • Abnormal lateralization of brain functions.and slow communication between left and right hemispheres
28
What are the 4 subtypes of schizophrenia? Are they still used?
``` They are still in popular use but eliminated in DSM-5, and no longer used in clinical diagnosis. • Catatonic Schizophrenia. • Disorganized Schizophrenia. • Paranoid Schizophrenia. • Undifferentiated Schizophrenia. ```
29
What are the causes of schizophrenia?
• Genetic inheritance plus highly stressful environmental conditions. - Diathesis-stress model • Excessive dopamine activity and/or other neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA). • Gender: more men than women have schizophrenia.
30
Define catatonic schizophrenia
A type of schizophrenia characterized by extreme stillness or stupor and/or periods of great agitation and excitement; patients may assume an unusual posture and remain in it for long periods.
31
Define disorganized schizophrenia
The most serious type of schizophrenia, marked by extreme social withdrawal, hallucinations, delusions, silliness, inappropriate laughter, grotesque mannerisms, and bizarre behaviour
32
Define paranoid schizophrenia
A type of schizophrenia characterized by delusions of grandeur or persecution.
33
Define undifferentiated schizophrenia
A catch-all category; marked by symptoms of schizophrenia that do not conform to the other types or that conform to more than one type.
34
What are the different likelihoods of developing schizophrenia based on genes?
Identical twins have 48% chance of developing schizophrenia if one of them has it Fraternal twins and kids of schizophrenic parents both have 17% If both parents have it- 46%
35
Which gender is more susceptible to schizophrenia?
Men
36
What is depressive bipolar disorder?
A mood disorder in which manic episodes alternate with periods of depression, usually with relatively normal periods in between. Extreme highs (called manic episodes, or mania) and extreme lows (major depression) • Moods or emotions that are extreme or unwarranted. • Depressive episodes. • Manic episodes. • Or both depressive and manic episodes.
37
What is major depressive disorder?
A mood disorder characterized by feelings of great sadness, despair, guilt, worthlessness, hopelessness, and, in extreme cases, suicidal intentions. Psychotic depression: delusions, hallucinations. Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): milder but chronic.
38
Describe a manic episode
A manic episode is marked by excessive euphoria, inflated self-esteem, wild optimism, and hyperactivity. During a manic episode, people are wound up and full of energy.
39
What is SAD?
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): depression triggered by seasons, light deficiency.
40
What are some suggested causes of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder?
Biological Causes • Genetic inheritance, brain chemistry. • Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine. Cognitive Causes • Depression from distortions in thinking
41
What is personality disorder?
- A personality disorder is a long-standing, inflexible, maladaptive pattern of behaving and relating to others - It usually begins in childhood or adolescence - People with this type of disorder tend to have problems in their social relationships and in their work; they may experience personal distress as well. - In most cases, the causes of personality disorders have yet to be identified.
42
What are clusters?
Groups of personality disorders. The disorders within each cluster have similarities.
43
Describe cluster A
Disorders in Cluster A are characterized by odd behaviour, such as - extreme suspiciousness (paranoid), - isolation and lack of emotional bond (schizoid), - odd appearance and unusual thought patterns (schizotypal)
44
Describe cluster B
``` Erratic, overly dramatic behaviour • Narcissistic. • Histrionic. • Borderline. • Antisocial. ```
45
Describe cluster C
Anxious, fearful behaviours • Obsessive-compulsive. • Avoidant. • Dependent.
46
Describe a narcissistic person
Has exaggerated sense of self-importance and entitlement; is self-centred, arrogant, demanding, exploitive, envious; craves admiration and attention; lacks empathy.
47
Describe histrionic person
наигранный Individual seeks attention and approval; is overly dramatic, self-centred, shallow, demanding, manipulative, easily bored, suggestible; craves excitement; often, is attractive and sexually seductive.
48
Describe Borderline person
Individual is unstable in mood, behaviour, self-image, and social relationships; has intense fear of abandonment; exhibits impulsive and reckless behaviour and inappropriate anger; makes suicidal gestures and performs self-mutilating acts.
49
Describe Antisocial person
Individual disregards rights and feelings of others; is manipulative, impulsive, selfish, aggressive, irresponsible, and reckless; is willing to break the law, lie, cheat, and exploit others for personal gain, without remorse; fails to hold jobs.
50
Describe obsessive-compulsive behaviour
Individual is concerned with doing things the “right” way and is generally a perfectionist; relationships are emotionally shallow.
51
Describe schizoid individual
Individual isolates self from others; appears unable to form emotional attachments; behaviour may resemble that of autistic children.
52
Describe Schizotypal individual
Individual dresses in extremely unusual ways; lacks social skills; may have odd ideas resembling the delusions of schizophrenia.
53
What are sexual dysfunctions?
* Persistent or recurrent problems causing marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. * Male erectile disorder: inability to have or sustain erection for coitus. * Female orgasmic disorder: persistent inability to reach orgasm.
54
What is paraphilia?
Type of sexual disorder Recurrent sexual urges, fantasies, behaviours involving children, other non-consenting partners, nonhuman objects, suffering, humiliation.
55
What is gender dysphoria?
* Difficulties accepting one’s identity as male or female. | * Genetic influence.
56
What is transvestism?
A disorder in which sexual urges, fantasies, and behaviour involve cross-dressing.
57
What is exhibitionism?
A disorder in which sexual urges, fantasies, and behaviour involve exposing one’s genitals to an unsuspecting stranger.
58
What is voyeurism?
A disorder in which sexual urges, fantasies, and behaviour involve watching unsuspecting people naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activity.
59
What is frotteurism?
A disorder in which sexual urges, fantasies, and behaviour involve touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person, usually in a crowded place.
60
Other paraphilias
Sexual disorders in which sexual urges, fantasies, and behaviour generally involve children, other nonconsenting partners, non-human objects, or the suffering and humiliation of oneself or one’s partner
61
Name the types of anxiety disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder Phobias Obsessive-compulsive disorder
62
Does genetics play a role in panic disorder?
YES
63
What are the 2 types of dissociative disorders?
* dissociative amnesia | * dissociative identity disorder
64
Examples of anxiety disorders
Panic disorder Social phobia Obsessive-compulsive disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder
65
Examples of somatoform disorders
Hypochondriasis Pain disorder Conversion disorder
66
Examples of dissociative disorders
Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Dissociative identity disorder
67
What are dissociative disorders?
Disorders in which one handles stress or conflict by forgetting important personal information or one’s whole identity
68
Examples of Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
Schizophrenia, disorganized type Schizophrenia, paranoid type Schizophrenia, catatonic type Delusional disorder, jealous type
69
Examples of Mood disorders
Major depressive disorder | Bipolar disorder
70
Examples of personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Borderline personality disorder
71
Examples of Substance-related disorders Disorders
Alcohol abuse Cocaine abuse Cannabis dependence

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