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Psyc-me > Ch 9- psych disorders > Flashcards

Ch 9- psych disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the perspectives on causes of abnormal behaviour?

A

Biological
• Symptom of underlying physical disorder
Psychodynamic
• Psychological disorders stem from early childhood
experiences; unresolved unconscious sexual or aggressive conflicts; and/or imbalance among the id,
ego, and superego.
Learning
• Abnormal thoughts/feelings learned like other behaviors
Cognitive
• Faulty and negative thinking patterns
Humanistic
• Blocking self-actualization

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2
Q

What is DSM-5?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Enables professionals to speak same language when diagnosing, treating,
researching, conversing about variety of psychological disorders.
- Describes 300 mental disorders.

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3
Q

Name 2 psychological disorders

A

Neurosis

Psychosis

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4
Q

What is neurosis?

A

An obsolete term for a disorder causing personal distress and some impairment in functioning but not causing one to lose contact with reality or to violate important social norms.

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5
Q

What is psychosis?

A

A severe psychological disorder. A person with psychosis suffers delusions (false beliefs) and/or hallucinations (false sensations) and has greatly impaired everyday functioning.

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6
Q

Define anxiety

A

vague, general uneasiness, feeling something bad about to happen.

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7
Q

What is the most common category of mental disorders in Canada

A

Anxiety disorders + obsessive-compulsive + related disorders

Affects 12% of Canadians

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8
Q

Describe generalized anxiety disorder. Describe the symptoms. Give examples

A

Disorders characterized by anxiety and avoidance behaviour
Symptoms: trembling, palpitations, sweating, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, frequent urination.
Panic disorder, Social phobia
Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder

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9
Q

What are panic attacks and panic disorder?

A

Panic Attack: Attacks of overwhelming anxiety, fear, terror.
Panic Disorder: Diagnosed with recurring panic attacks.

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10
Q

What are phobias?

A
  • Persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of object, situation, activity.
  • Realize their fear is irrational.
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11
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Intense fear in situations where immediate escape not possible or no help.

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12
Q

What is social anxiety disorder?

A
  • Irrational fear of social or performance situations if might embarrass, humiliate self in front of others.
  • One third fear only speaking in public.
  • Higher incidence of drug use.
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13
Q

What is specific phobia?

A
  • Phobias other than agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder.
  • Frequency: situational; fear of natural environment; animals; blood-injection-injury phobia.
  • Fear is not a phobia unless great distress or interferes with life in major way.
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14
Q

What are the causes of phobias?

A
  • Genetic predisposition.
  • Conditioning.
  • Observational learning.
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15
Q

What is OCD?

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): An anxiety disorder in which a person suffers from obsessions and/or compulsions

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16
Q

What is obsession? Compulsion?

A

obsessions: Persistent, recurring, involuntary thoughts, images, or impulses that invade consciousness and cause great distress.
compulsion: A persistent, irresistible, irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly.

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17
Q

What are the causes of OCD?

A
  • Early autoimmune system diseases, strep infections, changes in brain from infections.
  • Twin studies suggest genetics.
  • Genes affecting serotonin functioning suspected.
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18
Q

What are the 2 types of somatic symptom disorders?

A

1) Illness Anxiety Disorder

2) Conversion Disorder

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19
Q

What are Somatic Symptom Disorders?

A

Bodily symptoms not explained by known medical conditions.

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20
Q

What is Illness Anxiety Disorder?

A
  • hypochondriasis
  • Overly concerned about health.
  • Fear that bodily symptoms are sign of serious disease.
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21
Q

What is conversion disorder?

A

• Loss of motor or sensory functioning in some part of body.
• No physical cause.
• Solves a psychological problem.
• La belle indifference- many patients with conversion disorder exhibit a
calm and cool indifference to their symptoms,

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22
Q

What is dissociative amnesia?

A
  • Complete or partial loss of ability to recall personal information or identify past experiences.
  • Not from forgetfulness or substance use.
  • Psychological cause.
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23
Q

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

A
  • A dissociative disorder in which two or more distinct personalities occur in the same individual, each taking over at different times; also called multiple personality.
  • Host personality has executive control of body most times.
  • Alter personalities may differ radically even in gender, age, sexual orientation.
  • Trauma as cause, way to cope.
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24
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

• Most serious of the psychological disorders.
• Affects one person in a hundred.
• Begins in adolescence or early adulthood.
• Social disruption and misery for sufferers and their families.
- there is no one single symptom. The symptoms of schizophrenia fall into
two categories: positive and negative.

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25
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

•Hallucinations: imaginary sensations.
• Delusions: false beliefs not shared by others in the culture.
- Delusions of grandeur: believe they are a famous person.
- Delusions of persecution: false belief that others will cause harm.
• Thought disturbances.
• Grossly disorganized behaviour.
• Inappropriate affect: facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures not reflecting emotion expected.

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26
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • Loss or deficiency in normal thoughts and behaviours.
  • Flat affect/apathy: no usual emotional response;robotic.
  • Social withdrawal; loss of motivation; slow speech; poor hygiene; limited speech; lack of goal-directed activity; poor problem-solving skills
  • Those with negative symptoms have poorest outcomes.
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27
Q

What are brain abnormalities in schizophrenia?

A

• Low activity levels in frontal lobes.
• Defects in neural circuitry of the cerebral
cortex and limbic system
• Reduced volume in hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, frontal lobe grey matter.
• Abnormal lateralization of brain functions.and slow communication between
left and right hemispheres

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28
Q

What are the 4 subtypes of schizophrenia? Are they still used?

A 
They are still in popular use but eliminated in DSM-5, and no longer used in clinical diagnosis.
• Catatonic Schizophrenia.
• Disorganized Schizophrenia.
• Paranoid Schizophrenia.
• Undifferentiated Schizophrenia.
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29
Q

What are the causes of schizophrenia?

A

• Genetic inheritance plus highly stressful environmental conditions.
- Diathesis-stress model
• Excessive dopamine activity and/or other
neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA).
• Gender: more men than women have schizophrenia.

30
Q

Define catatonic schizophrenia

A

A type of schizophrenia characterized by extreme stillness or stupor and/or periods of great agitation and excitement; patients may
assume an unusual posture and remain in it for long periods.

31
Q

Define disorganized schizophrenia

A

The most serious type of schizophrenia,
marked by extreme social withdrawal, hallucinations, delusions, silliness, inappropriate laughter, grotesque mannerisms, and bizarre behaviour

32
Q

Define paranoid schizophrenia

A

A type of schizophrenia characterized by delusions of grandeur or persecution.

33
Q

Define undifferentiated schizophrenia

A

A catch-all category; marked by symptoms of schizophrenia that do not conform to the
other types or that conform to more than one type.

34
Q

What are the different likelihoods of developing schizophrenia based on genes?

A

Identical twins have 48% chance of developing schizophrenia if one of them has it
Fraternal twins and kids of schizophrenic parents both have 17%
If both parents have it- 46%

35
Q

Which gender is more susceptible to schizophrenia?

A

Men

36
Q

What is depressive bipolar disorder?

A

A mood disorder in which manic episodes
alternate with periods of depression, usually with relatively normal periods in between. Extreme highs (called manic episodes, or mania) and extreme lows (major depression)
• Moods or emotions that are extreme or unwarranted.
• Depressive episodes.
• Manic episodes.
• Or both depressive and manic episodes.

37
Q

What is major depressive disorder?

A

A mood disorder characterized by feelings of great sadness, despair, guilt, worthlessness, hopelessness, and, in extreme cases, suicidal intentions.
Psychotic depression: delusions, hallucinations.
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): milder but chronic.

38
Q

Describe a manic episode

A

A manic episode is marked by excessive euphoria, inflated self-esteem, wild optimism, and hyperactivity. During a manic episode, people are wound up and full of energy.

39
Q

What is SAD?

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): depression triggered by seasons, light deficiency.

40
Q

What are some suggested causes of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder?

A

Biological Causes
• Genetic inheritance, brain chemistry.
• Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine. Cognitive Causes
• Depression from distortions in thinking

41
Q

What is personality disorder?

A
  • A personality disorder is a long-standing, inflexible, maladaptive pattern of behaving and relating to others
  • It usually begins in childhood or adolescence
  • People with this type of disorder tend to have problems in their social relationships
    and in their work; they may experience personal distress as well.
  • In most cases, the causes of personality disorders have yet to be identified.
42
Q

What are clusters?

A

Groups of personality disorders. The disorders within each cluster have similarities.

43
Q

Describe cluster A

A

Disorders in Cluster A are characterized by odd behaviour, such as

  • extreme suspiciousness (paranoid), - isolation and lack of emotional bond (schizoid),
  • odd appearance and unusual thought patterns (schizotypal)
44
Q

Describe cluster B

A 
Erratic, overly dramatic behaviour
• Narcissistic. 
• Histrionic.
• Borderline. 
• Antisocial.
45
Q

Describe cluster C

A

Anxious, fearful behaviours
• Obsessive-compulsive.
• Avoidant.
• Dependent.

46
Q

Describe a narcissistic person

A

Has exaggerated sense of self-importance and entitlement; is self-centred, arrogant,
demanding, exploitive, envious; craves admiration and attention; lacks empathy.

47
Q

Describe histrionic person

A

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Individual seeks attention and approval; is overly dramatic, self-centred, shallow, demanding, manipulative, easily bored, suggestible; craves excitement; often, is attractive and sexually
seductive.

48
Q

Describe Borderline person

A

Individual is unstable in mood, behaviour, self-image, and social relationships; has intense fear of abandonment; exhibits impulsive and reckless behaviour and inappropriate anger; makes suicidal gestures and performs self-mutilating acts.

49
Q

Describe Antisocial person

A

Individual disregards rights and feelings of others; is manipulative, impulsive, selfish, aggressive, irresponsible, and reckless; is willing to break the law, lie, cheat, and exploit others for personal gain, without remorse; fails to hold jobs.

50
Q

Describe obsessive-compulsive behaviour

A

Individual is concerned with doing things the “right” way and is generally a perfectionist;
relationships are emotionally shallow.

51
Q

Describe schizoid individual

A

Individual isolates self from others; appears unable to form emotional attachments; behaviour may resemble that of autistic children.

52
Q

Describe Schizotypal individual

A

Individual dresses in extremely unusual ways; lacks social skills; may have odd ideas resembling the delusions of schizophrenia.

53
Q

What are sexual dysfunctions?

A
  • Persistent or recurrent problems causing marked distress and interpersonal difficulty.
  • Male erectile disorder: inability to have or sustain erection for coitus.
  • Female orgasmic disorder: persistent inability to reach orgasm.
54
Q

What is paraphilia?

A

Type of sexual disorder
Recurrent sexual urges, fantasies, behaviours involving children, other non-consenting partners, nonhuman objects, suffering, humiliation.

55
Q

What is gender dysphoria?

A
  • Difficulties accepting one’s identity as male or female.

* Genetic influence.

56
Q

What is transvestism?

A

A disorder in which sexual urges, fantasies, and behaviour involve cross-dressing.

57
Q

What is exhibitionism?

A

A disorder in which sexual urges, fantasies, and behaviour involve exposing one’s genitals to an unsuspecting stranger.

58
Q

What is voyeurism?

A

A disorder in which sexual urges, fantasies, and behaviour involve watching unsuspecting people naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activity.

59
Q

What is frotteurism?

A

A disorder in which sexual urges, fantasies, and behaviour involve touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person, usually in a crowded place.

60
Q

Other paraphilias

A

Sexual disorders in which sexual urges, fantasies, and behaviour generally involve children, other nonconsenting partners, non-human objects, or the suffering and humiliation of oneself or one’s partner

61
Q

Name the types of anxiety disorders

A

Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Phobias
Obsessive-compulsive disorder

62
Q

Does genetics play a role in panic disorder?

A

YES

63
Q

What are the 2 types of dissociative disorders?

A
  • dissociative amnesia

* dissociative identity disorder

64
Q

Examples of anxiety disorders

A

Panic disorder
Social phobia
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder

65
Q

Examples of somatoform disorders

A

Hypochondriasis
Pain disorder
Conversion disorder

66
Q

Examples of dissociative disorders

A

Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Dissociative identity disorder

67
Q

What are dissociative disorders?

A

Disorders in which one handles stress or conflict by forgetting important personal information or one’s whole identity

68
Q

Examples of Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

A

Schizophrenia, disorganized type
Schizophrenia, paranoid type
Schizophrenia, catatonic type
Delusional disorder, jealous type

69
Q

Examples of Mood disorders

A

Major depressive disorder

Bipolar disorder

70
Q

Examples of personality disorder

A

Antisocial personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder

71
Q

Examples of Substance-related disorders Disorders

A

Alcohol abuse
Cocaine abuse
Cannabis dependence

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