TOPIC 8 - MYCOLOGY Flashcards
What do you call the study of fungi?
Mycology
Out of 100,000 species of fungi, only about ___ are pathogenic to humans and animals.
200
Fungi are chemoautotrophs. True or False?
False, chemoheterotrophs
Fungi acquire food by?
Absorption
Fungi are multicellular except for ?
Yeasts
What are the mode of reproductions of fungi?
Sexual and asexual spores
Fungi is eukaryotic. True or False?
True
Fungi can undergo photosynthesis. True or False?
False
In general, what are the enzymes produce by fungi?
Exoenzymes
What does it mean if fungi is mutualistic?
It has obligatory association with other microorganisms.
Mutualistic fungi is pathogenic. True or False?
False, non-pathogenic
What does it mean if fungi is saprophytic?
It decomposes organic matter which causes opportunistic infections in animals.
Fungi can be parasitic. True or False?
True
Overgrowth of yeasts can cause ?
Localized lesions
Fungi can not tolerate high osmotic pressure. True or False?
False
Fungi can thrive in acidic environment as low as ?
pH 5.0
What is the optimum pH of fungi?
pH 6.0
With regards to oxygen requirement, fungi is classified into? (Hint: 3 answers)
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, few anaerobic
What is the optimum temperature for growth of fungi?
20 - 30 C
Pathogenic fungi causing systemic mycoses can tolerate what temperature?
37 C
Fungi are comparatively fast-growing on lab media. True or False?
False, slow-growing
Sterols are present in fungi. True or False?
True
What are the 3 major components of cell wall of fungi?
Glucans, mannans, chitin
Metabolism in fungi is limited to? (Hint: 3 answers)
Heterotrophic, aerobic, facultative anaerobic
These are multicellular and has two distinct phases called vegetative and reproductive phases.
Molds
Molds can grow as branching filaments called ?
Hyphae
These are unicellular and has two distinct phases called vegetative and reproductive phases, has oval or spherical appearance.
Yeast
A mass of threadlike filament in fungi.
Hyphae
Hyphae combines to make up the fungal ?
Mycelium
In most molds, the hyphae contain cross-walls called ?
Septa
In few class of fungi, the hyphae contain no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with many nuclei. What do you call this?
Coenocytic hyphae
In hyphal cell wall, the predominant sterol present is ?
Ergosterol
In the hyphal cell of wall yeast, it contains protein complexed with polysaccharides. True or False?
True
Hyphal cell is mainly composed of carbohydrate components including ____ micromolecules with ____ cross-linkages.
chitin cellulose
Portion of hypha that obtains nutrients.
Vegetative hypha
Portion of hypha concerned with reproduction and projects above the surface of the medium on which the fungus is growing.
Aerial hypha
Between vegetative and aerial hypha, which can perform reproduction?
Aerial/reproductive hypha
Yeast is filamentous. True or False?
False, non-filamentous.
What is the main mode of reproduction of yeasts?
Budding
Some yeasts produce buds that fail to detach themselves. These buds form a short chain of cells called?
Pseudohypha
Yeasts are capable of facultative anaerobic growth. True or False?
True
In yeasts, if oxygen is present, yeasts perform ____ ____ to metabolize carbohydrates into _____ and _____.
aerobic respiration, CO2 and H2O.
In yeasts, if oxygen is absent, they ____ carbohydrates and produce ____ and ____.
ferment, ethanol and CO2.
What are the species that produce ethanol in brewed beverages and carbon dioxide for leavening bread dough?
Saccharomyces
What do you call the species of fungi can exhibit two forms?
Dimorphic fungi
What are two forms of dimorphic fungi?
Moldlike form and yeastlike form
In moldlike form of dimorphic fungi, they reproduce by budding. True or False?
False, yeastlike form.
Fungi dimorphism is temperature dependent. At what temperature is the fungus is yeastlike?
37 C
Fungi dimorphism is temperature dependent. At what temperature is the fungus is moldlike?
25 C
In growth of hypha, when a fragment breaks off, it can just elongate to form a new hypha. True or False?
True
In some species, mature elements at the center of colonies of molds can produce aerial hyphae. True or False?
True
What are the species of molds that can produce aerial hyphae?
Conidia and sporangiospores
Sporangiospores are formed only by fungi in what phylum ?
Zygomycota
In dermatophytes, multicellular structures called ____ are produced.
Microconidia
_____ are formed from the disintegration of hyphae within keratinized structures.
Arthroconidia
Asexual division in yeasts is called?
Budding
What are three main phyla of fungi?
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Zygomycota
All the three phyla of fungi are teleomorphs. True or False?
True (teleomorph - produce both sexual and asexual forms)
Aside from the three 3 main phyla, there is another that has veterinary importance. What is this phyla?
Fungi imperfecti (Deuteromycetes)
What is the mold that is usually present in bread and can also rapidly propagates on the surface of fruits and vegetables?
Rhizopus stolonifer
Zygomycota fungi is also called as ?
Conjugation fungi
Zygomycota has septate hyphae or coenocytic hyphae?
Coenocytic hyphae
These are the asexual spores of Zygomycota.
Sporangiospores
These are the sexual spores of Zygomycota.
Zygospores
These are sac fungi.
Ascomycetes
Most ascomycetes has coenocytic hyphae. True or False?
False, septate hyphae.
Unicellular yeast under ascomycetes can form ____ instead of septate hyphae.
Pseudomycelium
The septa present in the hyphae of ascomycetes possesses central pores called?
Septal pores
In ascomycetes, spores are produced in?
Asci
In ascomycetes, fertilization occurs in 2 steps. What are those?
- Plasmogamy
- Karyogamy
These are club fungi.
Basidiomycetes
Between the 3 phyla of fungi, which is most advanced and most commonly seen?
Basidiomycetes
Basidiomycetes reproduce asexually by?
Basidium
Between the 3 phyla of fungi, which is the most common decomposer of wood?
Basidiomycetes
Basidiomycetes decompose what ? (Hint: 2 answers)
Cellulose and lignin
Also known as fungi imperfecti
Deuteromycetes
What is the artificial class of fungi?
Deuteromycetes
Deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores. True or False?
True
Filamentous fungi can reproduce asexually by ?
Fragmentation of their hyphae
In fungi, reproduction by spore formation is through sexual only. True or False?
False, sexual or asexual.
Different types of asexual spores: Motile spores; presence of flagella which help in swimming.
Zoospores
Different types of asexual spores: Single cells spores formed within sacs formed at the end of a special hypha.
Sporangiospores
Sporangiospores are motile and dispersed through air. True or False?
False, non-motile.
Sporangiospores are formed within sacs called _____. These sacs are formed at the end of a special hypha called _____.
sporangium, sporangiophore
Different types of asexual spores: Thich-walled which contain storage products.
Chlamydospores
Different types of asexual spores: Single cell spores formed from cells of the vegetative hyphae by accumulation of protoplast and secretion of thick wall.
Chlamydospores
Different types of asexual spores: Small or large, single cell spores formed at the tips or sides of a fungal hyphae that are produced through budding.
Blastoconidia
Give an example of a fungal having blastoconidia spores.
Candida albicans
Different types of asexual spores: Formed under adverse conditions and are individual cells separated from hyphae; small yeast-like.
Oidia
Different types of asexual spores: Small or large, single cell spores formed at the tips or sides of a fungal hyphae.
Conidia
Conidia is present in what fungal hyphae?
Conidiophores
Give 2 examples of fungi having conidia spores.
Penicillin and aspergillus
Different types of asexual spores: Spores which are formed and subsequently release during the process of hyphal fragmentation.
Arthroconidia
Arthroconidia spores may be formed successfully as in _____ or with intervening empty cells as in _____ _____.
dermatophytes, Coccidioides immitis
Different types of asexual spores: Large and small multi-celled conidia which are produced by dermatophytes in culture.
Macroconidia and microconidia
Macroconidia has mitochondria while microconidia doesn’t have. True or False?
False, both lack mitochondria
Give the 4 methods of asexual reproduction of fungi.
- Budding
- Single fission
- Fragmentation
- Spore formation
Sexual reproduction of fungi involves fusion of compatible nuclei from 2 parent cells. True or False?
True
What are the 3 phases of fungal sexual reproduction?
- Plasmogamy
- Karyogamy
- Meiosis
Phase of fungal sexual reproduction where fusion of protoplasm occurs.
Plasmogamy
Phase of fungal sexual reproduction where fusion of nucleus occurs.
Karyogamy
Phase of fungal sexual reproduction where reductional nuclear division occurs.
Meiosis
It is the phase of fungal sexual reproduction where anastomosis of two cells or gametes and fusion of their protoplasts takes place.
Plasmogamy
In the process of plasmogamy, the two ____ nuclei of opposite sexes are together but the nuclei will not fuse.
Haploid
What are the various methods by which compatible fungal nuclei are brought together in plasmogamy?
- Gametic copulation/Planogametic copulation or conjugation
- Gamete-gametangial copulation/Gametangial contact
- Gametangial copulation
- Somatic copulation
- Spermatization
Motile gametes of fungis are called ?
Planogametes
Type of sexual reproduction: The fusion of two gametes, one or both of which are motile is called ?
Planogametic copulat
ion
What are the 3 different types of planogametic copulation?
- Isogamy
- Anisogamy
- Heterogamy
Type of planogametic copulation: Morphologically similar but compatible type of gametes unite to form a motile zygote.
Isogamy
Type of planogametic copulation: Union of one larger gamete with another smaller gamete.
Anisogamy
Both isogamy and anisogamy copulation form a motile zygote. True or False?
True
The zygote resulting from isogamous or anisogamous planogametic copulation forms what?
Resting sporangium
Give an example of a fungal specie that copulate through anisogamy.
Blastocladiales
Type of planogametic copulation: A non-motile female gamete is fertilized by a motile male gamete.
Heterogamy/Oogamy
Other term for non-motile female gamete in fungis
Oosphere
A non-motile female gamete is fertilized by a motile male gamete. This results in the formation of ____, a resistant structure and resting spore.
Oospores
Oospores germinate and produce mycelium indirectly. True or False?
False, directly.
Give an example of a fungal specie that copulate through heterogamy.
Chytridiomycetes
Type of sexual reproduction: In this method, the male and female gamete come in contact tand ne or more nuclei from the male gamete enter the female gamete.
Gametangial contact
In gametangial contact, once the male gamete releases its nuclei, the oogonium dissolves in the intervening wall through a pore or through a _____.
Fertilization tube
Gametangial contact: In no case the gametangia actually fuse or lose their identity during the sexual act. True or False?
True
Type of sexual reproduction: This is a process of fusion of entire contents of the two mating gametangia.
Gametangial copulation
What are the two types of gametangial copulation ?
- Anisogametangial copulation
- Isogamous copulation
Type of gametangial copulation where fusion between unequal gametangia occurs.
Anisogametangial copulation
In anisogametangial copulation, the zygote forms ?
Resting sporangium
Give an example of fungal specie that performs anisogametangial copulation.
Chytridiomycetes (aquatic fungi)
Type of gametangial copulation where two morphologically similar gametangial hyphae come in contact, the wall at the point of contact dissolves and the contents mix in the cell thus formed.
Isogamous copulation
Isogamous copulation results in the formation of ?
Zygospore
Some fungi like rusts bear numerous minute, non-motile uninucleate, male cells called ?
Spermatia
Spermatia are produced in spiral receptacles called ?
Spermagonia
Type of sexual reproduction: A pore develops at the point of contact and the contents of spermatium pass into the particular respective hyphae.
Spermatization
It is a special receptive hypha where spermatia attaches.
Trichogyne
Type of sexual reproduction: No sex organs are produced and somatic cells function as gametes.
Somatogamy
Somatogamy is common in what species of fungi?
Ascomycota and basidiomycota
Types of sexual spores: Non-meiotic spores produce inside special sacs called asci.
Ascospores
Ascospores are produced by members of what fungal family?
Ascomycota
Types of sexual spores: Non-motile meiospore formed on short outgrowths of club-shaped structures called basidium.
Basidiospores
Types of sexual spores: Large, thick-walled spores formed at the tips of 2 sexually compatible hyphae.
Zygospore
Zygospores are produced by members of what fungal family?
Zygomycota
Types of sexual spores: Spores formed within a specialized female structure (oogonium) after fertilization of eggs by male gametes formed in an antheridium.
Oospores
