TOPIC 1 + TOPIC 2 Flashcards
A theory that states that a disease is attributed to the wrath of divine spirits for the punishment of individual sins; supernatural inflictions of disease.
Theurgical Theory of Disease
This theory states that all disease was due to the emanations from the earth, the influence of the starts, the moon, the winds, the waters, and the seasons.
Miasmatic Theory of Disease
This theory states that there is relationship of disease with different waters, changes in temperture, moisture and the direction of wind.
Miasmatic Theory of Disease
This theory states that the imbalance of the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth) and the four qualities (heat, cold, moisture, and dryness) corresponded to the four fluids or humors of the body (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile).
Miasmatic Theory of Disease
This theory states that a disease is caused by infections of pathogenic microorganisms. Pasteur and Koch are the main contributors of this theory.
Germ Theory
This theory was derived from observtion n epidemics such as plague, syphilis, and typhus in man. It also sttes that a disease was attributed to contagion by contact, by fomite and at a distance.
Contagion Theory (Fracastoro)
What are Koch’s Postulates?
- The pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
- The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture
- The cultured pathogen must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host
- THe same pathogen must be isolated from the diseased experimental host
What are the 5 Kingdom Classification System?
- Animalia (Vertebrates and invertebrates)
- Plantae
- Protista
- Monera (Bacteria)
- Fungi
What are the 10 characeristics of living organisms?
- The ability to reproduce and transmit characteristics to its offspring.
- The capacity to grow
- Adaptation to environment change
- Response to stimulant
- Definite body organization
- Definite chemical composition
- Capable of moving
- Life span and development
- Life cycle
- Constant energy requriement
The response towards a stimulus
Tropism
The response to light
Phototropism
Terms: Use of bacteria on various industry
Biotechnology
Terms: The use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced microorganisms or other form of life to consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site (use of bacteria on toxic wastes).
Bioremediation
What percentage of microorganisms is beneficial?
87%
Terms: Diverse collection of microorganisms in the ocean or large bodies of water
Planktons
Terms: A type of heterotrophic plankton that range from microscopic organisms to large species, such a jellyfish
Zooplanktons
Terms: Microscopic plants that live in the ocean
Phytoplanktons
What percentage of microorganisms is opportunistic?
10%
What percentage of microorganisms is harmful?
3%
Normal indigenous ___ or ___ are present in the skin, intestinal tract, and mouth.
Microflora, microbiota
The system of scientifically naming organisms developed by Carl Linnaeus.
Binomial Classification
Epithets describes the ___.
Species
Binomial nomeclature consists two names. These are ?
Descriptors and epithets
Descriptors describes the ___.
Genus
It is one of the basic systems of classification comprising animalia, plantar, monera, fungi, and protista.
5 Kingdom System
What are the 3 domains in the domain system?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
The length of bacteria varies from?
2 um to 8 um
The diameter of bacteria ranges from?
0.2 to 2.0 um
A coating that covers the outside of prokaryotic cells that provide a protective coat
Glycocalyx
General term ued for substances that surround the cells
Glycocalyx
Bacterial glycocalyx is composed of?
Polysaccharide and polypeptide
Thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell and is consists primarily of phospholipids.
Plasma membrane
___ are important in contributing to bacterial virulence.
Capsules
The site of action of penicillin in a bacteria is at?
Cell wall
A bacteria that has a capsule of D-glutamic acid.
Bacillus anthracis
Prevents the bacterial cells from rupturing, helps maintain the shape of the cell, point of anchorage for flagella, contributes to the ability of some species to cause disease.
Cell wall
Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria.
Flagella
It is a filament that sticks to the body of bacteria capable of motility.
Axial Filaments
Bacteria that lack flagella
Atrichous
The flagellar protein useful for distinguishing among serovars or variations.
H-antigens
Causative agent of syphilis
Treponema pallidum
Causative agent of Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
It is a hair-like appendages that can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell.
(Specific function is not included in the PPT)
Fimbriae
Usually longer than fimbriae and is singular or can be up to two per cell. Also involved in motility and DNA transfer.
Pili
Transfer of DNA from one cell to another is also known as ?
Conjugation
It contains the bacterial chromosome.
Nucleoid
Bacterial chromosomes are not surrrounded by nuclear envelope and has histones. True or False?
False, no histones
Refers to the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane.
Cytoplasm
3 major sructurers in bacterial cytoplasm
- Nucleoid
- Ribosomes
- Inclusions
Bacteria often contain small usually circular,double stranded DNA molecules called ___.
Plasmids
Endosporers are not a means of reproduction. True or False?
True
Plasmids are connected to the main bacterial chromosome. True or False?
False
It is where protein synthesis takes place.
Ribosomes
What is the size of prokaryotic ribosomes?
70S
Several kinds of reserve deposits in the cytoplasm.
Inclusion
What is the size of the subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes?
30S - 50S
Specialized “resting” cells formed by gram-positive bacteria when essential nutrients are depleted.
Endospores
A large amount of an organic acid contained in endospore; protects the endospore DNA against damage.
Dipicolinic acid
Process in which an endospore returns to its vegetative state.
Germination
Most vegetative cells can be killed with temp above ___.
70 C
Endospores are thermophilic. True or False?
True
Spherical bacteria in groups of 8 in cubical pockets (octads)
Sarcinae
Round bacteria in pairs; remain in pairs after dividing
Diplococci
Spherical bacteria in chains
Streptococci
Cocci-shaped bacteria that divides in 2 planes and remain in groups of 4.
Tetrads
In-paired bacilli
Diplobacilli
Bacterial rods in chain
Streptobacilli
Short rods bacteria
Coccobacilli
Salmonella typhosa is what shape of bacteria?
Bacilli with rounded ends
Bacillus antharacis is what shape of bacteria?
Bacilli with square ends
C. diphtheria is what shape of bacteria?
Club-shape bacilli
Type of bacilli that usually do no separate and tend to form “long threads”
Filamentous bacilli
Shape of bacteria that is a curved rod because of its incomple twist.
Vibroid/comma-shape
Loosely-curved bacteria, have helical shape like a cork-screw and fairly rigid bodies wth flagella
Spirilla
Tightly coiled bacteria, flexible with axial filaments
Spirochetes
Star-shaped bacteria
Genus Stella
Flat rectangular shape bacteria
Halophilic Archaea
Bacteria that maintian a single shape
Monomorphic
Bacteria that have many shapes
Pleomorphic
Give 2 examples of pleomorphic bacteria.
Rhizobium and corynebacterium
