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NUR131 > Topic 8: Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Topic 8: Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

Peristalsis is part of which digestive process?

A

Propulsion

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2
Q

All of the following are part of the alimentary canal except the _____?
pharynx
esophagus
small intestine
liver

A

liver

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3
Q

Simple columnar epithelium is found in which histological layer of the alimentary canal?

A

Mucosa

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4
Q

Which histological layer of the alimentary canal is also known as the visceral peritoneum?

A

Serosa

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5
Q

The membrane that lines the body wall of the abdominal cavity is the _____?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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6
Q

Excessive acidity in the stomach causes a _____ in _____ secretion.
decrease; somatostatin
increase; somatostatin
decrease; gastrin
decrease; gastrin

A

decrease; gastrin

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7
Q

The esophageal hiatus is found on this organ

A

diaphragm

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8
Q

Saliva is composed mainly of _____?

A

water

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9
Q

The gastric cells that secrete pepsinogen are the _____?

A

chief cells

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10
Q

Most of the digestive enzymes found in the small intestine are secreted by this accessory organ.

A

pancreas

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11
Q

Intrinsic factor is produced in the stomach and is necessary for the absorption of _____?

A

vitamin B12

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12
Q

This substance secreted by the pancreas helps neutralise chyme

A

Bicarbonate

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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the large intestine?

A

Ileum

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14
Q

The functions of the large intestine include all of the following except _____?
elimination of waste
absorption of water and electrolytes
absorption of nutrients
absorption of vitamins produced by bacteria

A

absorption of nutrients

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15
Q

Which of the following reflexes are we able to voluntarily control?
Gastroileal reflex
Gastrocolic reflex
Enterogastric reflex
Defecation reflex

A

Defecation reflex

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16
Q

Macroscopic description and structures of the esophagus?

A

25 cm long, mouth to stomach, not in abdominal cavity, two physiological sphincters. Hiatus - esophagus goes through diaphragm

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17
Q

Microscopic description and structures of the esophagus?

A

Adventitia instead of serosa, stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

Function of the esophagus?

A

Peristalsis, transport of bolus, swallow reflex (shut of larynx with epiglottis to prevent food from entering the trachea)

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19
Q

Function of the stomach?

A

Mechanical breakdown, HCl, pepsinogen activated to pepsin break down protein, absorption of alcohol and aspirin, chyme leaves gradually into duodenum

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20
Q

What is the function of the Liver and Gall Bladder?

A

Detox (all blood from intestinal tract goes through portal vein into the liver), synthesis of plasma proteins, enzymes, clotting factors, bile, glycogen, storage of fat soluble vitamins

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21
Q

Function of the Pancreas?

A

Proteases, amylase, lipases and nucleases for breakdown of all food groups

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22
Q

Function of the Small Intestines?

A

Breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats into smallest building blocks (glucose, amino acids, free fatty acids and monoglycerides), absorption

23
Q

What is the function of the Large Intestines?

A

Absorption of water, defaecation, microbiota (synthesise Vitamin B and K, ferment fibre to short fatty acids)

24
Q

Characteristics of the Stomach?

A

Large and small curvatures, fundus, cardia, antrum, pyloric sphincter

25
Characteristics of the Liver and Gall Bladder?
4 lobes, right side of the body, under ribs, gall bladder at posterior, portal vein, bile ducts (hepatic + cystic = common bile duct)
26
Characteristics of the Pancreas?
Head, tail, retroperitoneal, pancreatic duct joins common bile duct = hepatopancreatic ampulla
27
What are the characteristics of the Small intestines?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal sphincter, several metres long
28
Characteristics of the large intestines?
Caecum with appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid, rectum, anus with internal and external sphincters
29
What are the six processes of the digestive tract?
Ingestion, Propulsion, Mechanical breakdown, Digestion, Absorption, Defecation
30
Describe Ingestion
Eating
31
Define Propulsion
movement of food through the alimentary canal via swallowing and PERISTALSIS
32
Define Mechanical breakdown
Chewing, mixing food with saliva, churning food in stomach and SEGMENTATION
33
Define Digestion
Series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes that breakdown complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
34
Define Absorption
Passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph
35
Define Defecation
Elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of faeces
36
What are the Four layers of the Alimentary Canal?
Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae), Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa
37
What type of tissue is Mucosa?
Simple columnar epithelium, loose areolar connective tissue, smooth muscle tissue
38
What is the Function of Mucosa?
Secretes mucus, enzymes and hormones; protects underlying layers; absorbs digested end products
39
What type of tissue is Submucosa?
Areolar connective tissue
40
What are the functions of Submucosa?
Contains blood vessels, nerves and elastic fibres; maintains shape of organs
41
What type of tissue is Muscularis externa?
Smooth muscle, longitudinal and circular layers
42
What is the function of Muscularis externa?
Contributes to motility in the alimentary canal (peristalsis and segmentation)
43
What type of tissue of Serosa?
Visceral peritoneum (areolar connective tissue and mesothelium)
44
Why are gut bacteria important to us?
They synthesise Vitamin B and K, digest fibre, such as cellulose, and break it down into short fatty acids which have many benefits in the body, like anti- inflammatory, anti- tumorigenic and antimicrobial effects. Gut flora or microbiota is currently a hot research topic, especially in regard to mental health, obesity, auto-immune diseases and diabetes.
45
What is the function of Serosa?
Protects; holds organs in place
46
What are the two phases of swallowing?
Buccal and Pharyngeal-Esophageal
47
What are the mechanisms and processes of Buccal?
Voluntary contraction of tongue; upper esophageal sphincter is closed; tongue pushes against palate, forcing the bolus into oropharynx
48
What are the mechanisms and processes of Pharyngeal - esophageal?
Involuntary phrase; tongue blocks mouth and soft palate the nasopharynx (food cant move backwards and upwards); epiglottis closes off the trachea; upper esophageal sphincter opens, so food enters esophagus; food moves down the esophagus via peristalsis towards the stomach; cardial sphincter opens so bolus enters stomach
49
How does the stomach mucosa protect itself?
Made up of simple columnar epithelium which contains many mucous cells, these cells produce a viscous, alkaline mucous that protects against the acidic gastric juices, pathogens and digestive enzymes e.g. pepsin. Prostaglandin stimulates alkaline mucous protection. The cells are joined tightly, preventing and leakage a digestive juices. They also regenerate all the time to make that damaged cells are replaced quickly. Very good blood supply
50
What are the three phases of gastric secretion?
Cephalic, gastric and intestinal
51
What is the role of hepatocytes?
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver tissue, caused my viruses or toxic effects from drugs or alcohol, The inflamed hepatocytes cant perform their usual tasks, especially making bile and thus removing bilirubin from the blood.
52
What is bile and how is it transported?
Bile is removed from the blood by the liver
53
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold digestive tract in place are called _____?
mesenteries

NUR131 (12 decks)

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