Topic 7: Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What structure surrounds cartilage?

Answer 1

Perichondrium

Question 2

What structure surrounds bone?

Answer 2

periosteum

Question 3

What are the characteristics of cartilage?

Answer 3

No blood vessels of nerves

Question 4

What are the characteristics of the bone?

Answer 4

Blood vessels and nerves throughout

Question 5

What cells make up cartilage?

Answer 5

Chondrocytes in lacunae

Question 6

What cells make up bone?

Answer 6

Osteocytes in lacunae. osteoclasts

Question 7

Describe the matrix in cartilage?

Answer 7

Flexible, gelatinous, made by chondroblasts

Question 8

Describe the matrix of bone?

Answer 8

Rigid due to calcium salts, made by osteoblasts

Question 9

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 9

Hyaline, Elastic and Fibrocartilage

Question 10

Define Trochanter?

Answer 10

Irregular large processes on the femur

Question 11

Define epiphysis?

Answer 11

The distal and proximal ends of a long bone

Question 12

Describe Fossa?

Answer 12

Shallow depression in a bone, often part of a joint

Question 13

Define foramen?

Answer 13

A round or oval opening in the bone for nerves or blood vessels

Question 14

Define facet?

Answer 14

Flat joint surface (in between vertebrae)

Question 15

Define condyle?

Answer 15

Rounded projections of a bone that is part of a joint ( the other side is often a fossa)

Question 16

What is an osteon?

Answer 16

The structural unit of compact bone. Cylinder like structure with a central canal containing vein, artery and nerve with rings around it made up of osteocytes (in lacunae), bone matrix and collagen fibres. Look like a tree trunk and are called lamellae/

Question 17

Define flexion?

Answer 17

The decrease of the angle of the joint and bringing the two articulating bones together along the sagittal plane

Question 18

Define Extension?

Answer 18

The increasing of the angle of a joint and bringing the two articulating bons together along the sagittal plane.

Question 19

Define Adduction?

Answer 19

moving a limb closer to the body’s midline along the frontal plane

Question 20

Define abduction?

Answer 20

Moving a limb further away from the body, further from the body’s midline along the frontal plane.

Question 21

What is dorsiflexion?

Answer 21

Lifting of the foot resulting in the superior surface approaching the shin

Question 22

What is inversion?

Answer 22

Occurs when the sole of the foot is turned medially.

Question 23

Functions of the articular capsule in a synovial joint?

Answer 23

Strengthens the joint so the the bones aren’t pulled apart.

Question 24

Functions of the articular cartilage in a synovial joint?

Answer 24

Glassy smooth hyaline cartilage that covers the opposing bones surfaces. These think spongey cushions absorb compression placed on the joint. keeping bone ends from being crushed.

Question 25

Functions of the synovial fluid in a synovial joint?

Answer 25

occupies all free spaces within the articular capsule and reduces friction between the cartilages. Contains phagocytic cells that rid the joint cavity of microbes or cellular debris

Question 26

Value of slightly movable joints?

Answer 26

Provide strength with limited flexibility

Question 27

Value of movable joints?

Answer 27

Provides mobility

Question 28

Value of immovable joints?

Answer 28

Provide strong support, secure enclosures and protection.

Question 29

Isotonic contraction

Answer 29

Maintain tone but shortening of muscle (contraction and movement of insertion part of muscle towards the origin)

Question 30

Isometric

Answer 30

No movement in the joint, just an increase in tone (tension). Can be used in immobilised limbs of if someone is bedridden and cannot do big movements. By getting patients to tensing muscles without moving the joints the muscle still gets exercised.

Question 31

Prime Mover

Answer 31

Agonist - muscle that has major responsibility for producing specific movement (eg. biceps)

Question 32

Define Synergist

Answer 32

assists prime mover i.e. adds extra force or stabilises a joint during movement e.g. brachialis (lies deep to biceps)

Question 33

Define Antagonist?

Answer 33

Opposes or reverses a particular movement, is located on opposite side of the joint across which they act e.g. triceps

Question 34

The two types of joint classification are _____?

Answer 34

Structure and function

Question 35

The hip joint is an example of a _____?

Answer 35

diarthrosis

Question 36

A unique feature of synovial joints is _____?

Answer 36

a joint cavity

Question 37

All of the following are synovial joints except the _____? temporomandibular interphalangeal intervertebral elbow

Answer 37

intervertebral

Question 38

All of the following are part of a synovial joint except _____? bursae ligaments articular cartilage synovial fluid

Answer 38

bursae

Question 39

What is a term of the attachment of a muscle to the immovable part of the joint/bone?

Answer 39

origin

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of a muscle? agonist antagonist protagonist synergist

Answer 40

protagonist

Question 41

What movement has occurred when you bend your fingers to make a fist?

Answer 41

flexion

Question 42

The opposite movement of supination is _____?

Answer 42

pronation

Question 43

This movement is a combination of several movements?

Answer 43

Circumduction

Question 44

When the sole of your foot is turned medially, _____ has occured.

Answer 44

inversion

Question 45

The scapulae are considered part of the _____ skeleton.

Answer 45

appendicular

Question 46

The scapula is classified as a _____ bone.

Answer 46

flat

Question 47

An example of an axial bone is the _____?

Answer 47

sternum

Question 48

Phalanges are classified as _____ bones.

Answer 48

long

Question 49

The structural unit of compact bone is the _____.

Answer 49

osteon

Question 50

Osteocytes are found in _____?

Answer 50

lacunae

Question 51

What anchors the periosteum to the underlying bone?

Answer 51

Perforating fibres

Question 52

In bone, collagen is found in the _____?

Answer 52

lamellae

Question 53

The shaft of long bone is called the _____?

Answer 53

diaphysis

Question 54

The membrane that covers most of the outer surface of a long bone is the _____?

Answer 54

periosteum

Question 55

Which part of the long bone are you studying if you are looking at the articular cartilage?

Answer 55

Epiphysis

Question 56

Which of the following would not be found in the long bone in a 30 year old adult? red bone marrow articular cartilage yellow bone marrow epiphyseal plate

Answer 56

Epiphyseal plate

Question 57

Which of the following is not a bone projection? head meatus tuberosity crest

Answer 57

Meatus

Question 58

Which bone marking would most likely be part of a joint?

Answer 58

Condyle

Question 59

The bone cell that produces the bony matrix in a developing bone is the _____?

Answer 59

Osteoblast

Question 60

The vertebra has no body.

Answer 60

Atlas

Question 61

Which type of rib does not connect to the sternum?

Answer 61

Floating rib

Question 62

The superior portion of the sternum in the _____?

Answer 62

manubrium

Question 63

Spongy bone contains _____?

Answer 63

trabeculae

Question 64

T/F: During endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is broken down and replaced with bone.

Answer 64

True

Question 65

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ____?

Answer 65

perforating fibres

Question 66

The axial skeleton includes _____?

Answer 66

the skull, vertebral column and rib cage

Question 67

A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces _____?

Answer 67

flexion