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NUR131 > Topic 12: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Topic 12: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Which tube carries sperm from the scrotum to the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Ductus deferens

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2
Q

This gland is located just inferior to the urinary bladder

A

Prostate

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3
Q

Which of the following glands produce a thick, clear mucus?

A

Bulbo-urethral gland

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4
Q

Where in the body are sperm stored?

A

Epididymis

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5
Q

Where do sperm acquire their motility?

A

Epididymis

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6
Q

Spermatogenesis requires which of the following hormones?
LH
FSH
Testosterone

A

All three are necessary for spermatogenesis

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7
Q

The superior portion of the uterus is called the _____?

A

fundus

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8
Q

Which structure has fimbriae?

A

Uterine tubes

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9
Q

The uterus is anchored to the anterior body wall by the _____?

A

round ligament

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10
Q

Ovulation is stimulated by which hormone?

A

LH Luteinising Hormone

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11
Q

Fertilisation typically occurs in the _____?

A

uterine tube

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12
Q

Immediately after ovulation, estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the _____?

A

corpus luteum

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13
Q

During the part of the normal menstrual cycle when the levels of progesterone and estrogen decrease, what will occur?

A

Menstruation

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14
Q

When in the uterine cycle are progesterone levels the highest?

A

During the secretory phase

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15
Q

Which of the following is true of both the male and the female reproductive systems?
The primary sex organs are found in the abdominopelvic cavity.
The urethra is part of the reproductive system.
The games are formed by meiosis.
Production of gametes begins during foetal life.

A

The gametes are formed by meiosis.

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16
Q

The areola is an area found on the _____?

A

breast

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17
Q

Which of the following has a very acidic pH?

A

Vagina

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18
Q

What is the journey of sperm from the male testes to the uterine tube of a female?

A

Testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, male urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus and then uterine tube

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19
Q

How is sperm adapted to fulfil its task of fertilisation?

A

They are produced in large numbers, have a tail for movement, have enzymes in the acrosome to digest the ovum lining before entry, receive nourishment from fluids of the accessory glands, are surrounded by that alkaline fluid to be protected from acidic environment in the vagina

20
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Produce testosterone
Produce sperm

21
Q

What are the effects of testosterone?

A

Anabolic effects throughout body (increase bone and muscle mass), increase metabolic rate, increase haematocrit, mood, libido, in puberty development of secondary sex characteristics (hair pattern, voice, thicker skin)

22
Q

What is the function of the Vagina?

A

Copulatory organ, passage for menstrual blood and delivery, acidic pH (prevents infection), 3 layers (adventitia, muscularis and mucosa)

23
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Gonads, produce ova (eggs) and female hormones, held in place by various ligaments (ovarian ligaments), contain follicles in various stages

24
Q

What is the function of the Uterine tubes?

A

Also known as fallopian tubes, suspended from uterus to peritoneal cavity via various ligaments, have fimbriae at the end, located close to ovary, fertilisation happens here

25
What is the function of the Uterus?
Hollow muscular organ, fundus at top, cervix at inferior end, 3 layers, fertilised egg embeds, and embryo can develop
26
List the layers of the uterus wall?
Endometrium, Myometrium and Perimetrium
27
What is the Endometrium?
the mucosal lining, produces the functional that allows the fertilised egg to implant itself
28
What is the Myometrium?
Smooth muscle, contracts rhythmically during childbirth
29
What is the Perimetrium?
Outermost layer
30
Define ovulation and how it is triggered?
The rupturing of the vesicular follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte into the peritoneal cavity. Ovulation takes place approximately on day 14 of the ovarian cycle and is triggered by a surge of LH.
31
What is the function of the ovaries?
Produce estrogen and progesterone Produce follicles and oocytes
32
Follicle Definition
Envelope of cells around oocytes
32
Define Oocytes
Gamete before it becomes proper ovum/egg (happens after fertilisation)
32
Define Polar body
Small daughter cells after cell division of the secondary oocyte; die off
32
Define Corpus Luteum
Left over follicle after ovulation, becomes an endocrine gland as it produces progesterone and estrogen
32
Uterine Cycle
Menstrual phase first; the proliferative phase (day 5-14) where endometrium starts to grow, thicken, lots of blood vessels (this can be longer that 14 days); then secretory phase after ovulation where endometrial glands secrete nutrients, ready for a potentially fertilised egg (always 14 days)
33
What is the normal length of a cycle?
28 days
33
What happens if a females BMI is too low?
The usual cycle gets shut down, both ovarian and uterine parts. This means decreased estrogen production which can lead to severe bone loss. if the woman gains weight, this process is reversible.
33
When is the best time for conception?
Sperm can last several days in the female reproductive tract (especially the x ones) and the secondary oocyte can live up to 24 hours after ovulation, so 48 hours prior to ovulation to 24 hours post ovulation is the best time.
33
What happens during menstration?
As LH blood levels drop, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate, resulting in a drop in progesterone levels. Deprived of hormonal support, the blood vessel break down, the endometrium begins to shed. i.e. detaches itself from the uterine wall. This lasts 3 to 5 days. Tissue and blood flows out through the vagina
33
How does fertilisation happen?
Ovulation occurs and secondary oocyte is released from ovary. Uterine tubes drape over ovary, fimbriae stiffen, and cilia sweep oocyte into tube. Peristalsis of the tube and beating cilia transport the oocyte towards the uterus; mucosa produces nourishing secretions. Ejaculated sperm travels up the vagina, through the cervix and uterus into the ovarian tubes. They have to wait for capacitation to occur. They find oocyte. One sperm manages to penetrate and get into the oocyte. Oocyte completes mitosis II. Sperm and ovum join their nuclei (zygote (fertilised egg) travels to the uterus)
33
Ovarian Cycle?
First half follicular = vesicular follicles secrete more and more estrogen, of the vesicular follicles become dominant; ovulation takes place on day 14 (positive feedback from estrogen causes LH surge); second half is luteal with corpus luteum producing mainly progesterone and some estrogen; negative feedback for FSH and LH
33
What other methods of contraception are there?
Condom both make and female, long acting injections or implants, vaginal rings, diaphragm, intra-uterine devices, fertility awareness based methods, emergency contraception, sterilisation
33
What are the main adverse effects related to the contraceptive pill?
Thrombo-embolic disorders, Cancer and Hypertension
34
Which hormone controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
GnRH
34
The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called _____?
Interstitial endocrine cells
34
What are the mechanisms of the pill?
Inhibits ovulation, thickens cervical mucous (blocks sperm), modifies endometrium leading to an decrease in implantation

NUR131 (12 decks)

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