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NUR131 > Topic 11: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Topic 11: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Which hormone are released from the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

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2
Q

Which hormones are released from the hypothalamus?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone, Thyrotropin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropin releasing hormone, growth hormone, antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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3
Q

Which hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone, antidiuretic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, growth hormone, luteinising hormone, oxytocin, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone

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4
Q

Which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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5
Q

Which hormones are released from the thyroid?

A

thyroxine

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6
Q

Which hormones are released from the parathyroid?

A

parathyroid hormone

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7
Q

Which hormones are released from the pancreas?

A

insulin and glucagon

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8
Q

Define Paracrine hormones?

A

Paracrine hormones travel only a short distance and act on close by cells in the same tissue.

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9
Q

Define Autocrine hormones?

A

Autocrine hormones are released into the extracellular fluid by the same cell that they act on.

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10
Q

What are three different ways in which hormones interact?

A

Permissiveness, Synergism and Antagonism

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11
Q

Define Permissiveness?

A

Hormone can only have full effect if another hormone is present. eg. thyroxin and action of sex hormones in puberty

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12
Q

Define Synergism?

A

Two hormones have the same effect on the target cell, eg. glucagon and adrenaline rises blood sugar levels

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13
Q

Define Antagonism?

A

Hormones that have opposite effect to each other, eg. glucagon (blood sugar levels rise) and insulin (blood sugar levels decrease)

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14
Q

What is the pineal Gland?

A

Small gland in the epithalamus region that produces and secretes melatonin which regulates sleep onset.

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15
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Produced in the hypothalamic neurons and sends down their axons to the posterior pituitary gland where they are stored. APs from the hypothalamus sent down those axons cause release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland into the blood stream.

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16
Q

What does oxytocin cause the body to do?

A

Uterine contractions and milk ejection (let down reflex)

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17
Q

What is Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

Produced by hypothalamic neurons and released into capillary plexus to get to the anterior pituitary gland where it binds to receptors on gonadotrophic cells.

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18
Q

What does GnRH do to the body?

A

Stimulates gonadotropic cells to release follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone.

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19
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A

Growth Hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Prolactin, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinising Hormone

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20
Q

What does Growth Hormone (GH) act upon?

A

Liver and adipose tissue

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21
Q

How does Growth hormone affect the body?

A

Stimulates bone and muscle growth, promotes protein and fat synthesis, decrease in gluten uptake and metabolism

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22
Q

What does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone act on?

A

Adrenal Gland

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23
Q

How does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone effect the body?

A

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones

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24
Q

What does prolactin act on?

A

Uterus and breasts

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25
How does prolactin affect the body?
Prepares the female breasts for breastfeeding
26
What does Thyroid Stimulating Hormone act on?
Thyroid gland
27
How does the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone affect the body?
Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone
28
What does follicle stimulating hormone act on
Ovaries and testes
29
How does follicle stimulating hormone affect the body?
Ovarian follicle and ovulation in females and sperm production in males
30
What does luteinising hormone act on?
Ovaries and Testes
31
How does Luteinising Hormone effect the body?
Development of corpus luteum, release of oocytes, oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone and testes.
32
What is the role of the thyroid?
Affects growth of tissues and development, cell metabolism, determines basal metabolic rate, heat production, mood, skin (sebum production and hydration), cardiac function and promotes gut mobility and helps regulating digestive juices
33
What are the effects of parathyroid hormone?
PTH increases blood calcium levels in various ways. this leads to an increase in reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys, stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone, promotes activation of Vitamin D which increases Ca2+ absorption in the small intestines.
34
What are the short term stresses on the cardiovascular system?
High heart rate, blood pressure. Vasoconstriction of peripheral arterioles
35
What are the long term stresses on the cardiovascular system?
High blood pressure due to high blood volume
36
What are the short term stresses of the the Respiratory system?
High respirations and bronchodilation
37
What are the short term stresses of the liver?
Glycogenolysis leads to a high blood sugar level
38
What are the long term stresses of the Cardiovascular System?
Gluconeogenesis (amino acids and fatty acids)
39
What are the short term stresses of Skeletal muscles?
Increased blood flow and glucose for fuel
40
What are the long term stresses of the skeletal muscles?
Breakdown to produce amino acids for liver to use, along with using fatty acids for fuel
41
What are the long term stresses for Adipose tissue?
Releases fatty acids into blood
42
What are the short term stresses of the kidneys?
Decrease in diuresis
43
What are the long term stresses of the Kidneys?
Na+ reabsorption leads to H2O then an increase in blood volume (aldosterone)
44
The Islets of Langerhans are found in which endocrine glands?
Pancreas
45
In which region of the adrenal gland is aldosterone produced?/
Adrenal Cortex
46
This Gland atrophies after puberty?
Thymus
47
Which endocrine gland is tiny and yellow brown in colour?
Parathyroid Gland
48
Where is oxytocin produced?
Hypothalamus
49
The epiphyseal is the target organ of this hormone?
Growth Hormone
50
What are the effects of Parathyroid Hormone?
Increased osteoclast activity Increase Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidney Increased Ca2+ absorption in the intestine
51
This hormone is important in sodium regulation and therefore water balance?
Aldosterone
52
The target organ o thyrotropin- releasing ?
Anterior pituitary gland
53
Which area of the brain regulates the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
54
Much of the endocrine system regulates itself through a process called _____?
Negative feedback
55
56
An excess of hormones in the blood may cause target organs to decrease the number of receptors for the hormone in a process called _____?
down regulation
57
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract _____?
runs through the infundibulum
58
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus _____?
first enter the hypophyseal portal system
59
T/F: Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary?
False
60
T/F: The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid?
False
61
A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger _____?
increased activation of vitamin D by the kidneys
62
T/F: Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress?
False

NUR131 (12 decks)

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