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Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Higher > Topic 8 - Fuels and Health Science > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Fuels and Health Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Functional group

A

The part of a molecule that provides characteristic chemical reactivity

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2
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The chemistry of the element carbon and compounds that contain it

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3
Q

Carbon is in this group of the periodic table

A

4

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4
Q

Carbon is in this period of the periodic table

A

2

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5
Q

Allotrope

A

Different forms of the same element

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6
Q

Volatility

A

How easily a liquid vaporises to become a gas

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7
Q

Viscosity

A

A liquid’s resistance to flow

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8
Q

Does not flow easily

A

If a substance has a high viscosity it…

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9
Q

Does flow easily

A

If a substance has a low viscosity it…

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10
Q

If a substance has a high volatility it…

A

Easily goes from a liquid to a gas

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11
Q

If a substance has a low volatility it…

A

Does NOT easily go from a liquid to a gas

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12
Q

Evaporation

A

The change of state from a liquid to a gas

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13
Q

Condensation

A

The change of state from a gas to a liquid

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14
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A compound that only contains the elements hydrogen and carbon

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15
Q

Homologous series

A

A group of molecules that have similar chemical properties

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16
Q

Fractional distillation

A

The method used to separate the components of crude oil

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17
Q

Fractionating column

A

The apparatus in which the crude oil is separated

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18
Q

At the top of the fractionating column, the crude oil fractions have these physical properties

A
  1. low boiling points, low viscosity, high volatility
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19
Q

At the top of the fractionating column, the crude oil fractions have these chemical properties

A
  1. Easy to ignite / high flammability
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20
Q

At the top of the fractionating column, the molecules in the crude oil fractions are

A

small with few carbon atoms

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21
Q

Alkene general formula

A

CnH2n

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22
Q

Alkane general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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23
Q

Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter

A

Mnemonic for remembering the first 4 molecules in a homologous series

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24
Q

The attraction between molecules

A

Intermolecular forces

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25
Q

Larger alkane molecules with higher boiling points have ______ intermolecular forces because ______

A

Larger, they have more bonds to hold

26
Q

oil fractions mostly contain …

A

alkanes

27
Q

the main features of a homologous series

A

similar chemical properties and with a gradation in physical properties

28
Q

why alkanes form a homologous series

A

they have similar chemical properties to each other and they have trends in physical properties

29
Q

Why is Crude oil important in the petrochemical industry?

A

It is refined into petroleum products that people use for many different purposes including propelling vehicles, heating buildings, and producing electricity.

30
Q

complete combustion of hydrocarbons

A

complete combustion happens when there is a good supply of air, carbon dioxide and water are produced.

31
Q

why carbon monoxide is toxic

A

it displaces oxygen in the blood and deprives the heart, brain and other vital organs of oxygen

32
Q

harmful products made in incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons

A

water carbon monoxide and carbon (soot).

33
Q

problems with incomplete combustion

A

carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas

34
Q

how some hydrocarbon fuels release sulfur dioxide in use

A

hydrocarbon comes from living matter which contains amino acids including sulfur

35
Q

pollutants in acid rain

A

sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

36
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

Erode buildings and other infrastructures, contaminate: Soil, Plants, and Water sources

37
Q

why oxides of nitrogen are released when burning fuels

A

high temperatures are reached. at these high temperatures, nitrogen and oxygen from the air combine to produce nitrogen monoxide

38
Q

what happens during cracking

A

when complex molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules

39
Q

why alkanes are saturated

A

all the carbon molecules are bonded together by single bond

40
Q

why alkenes are unsaturated

A

they have double bonds between the carbons

41
Q

why cracking is necessary

A

it helps to match the supply of fractions with the demand for them and it produces alkenes, which are useful for the petrochemical industry.

42
Q

Fractions of crude oil (RPNKDLFB)

A

Refinery gas (bottled gas). Petrol (fuels cars). Naphtha (chemicals). Kerosene (jet fuel). Diesel (fuels vehicles). Lubrication oil (waxes and polishes). Fuel oil (for ships, factories and central heating). Bitumen (roads and roofing)

43
Q

Test for water

A

Add anhydrous copper sulphate which is white. Turns blue when it becomes hydrated.

44
Q

Test for carbon dioxide

A

Turns limewater cloudy

45
Q

Normal alkene formed during cracking

A

Ethene (C2H4)

46
Q

Why do you have to replace the cap to put out an alcohol burner?

A

Blowing it out would blow fuel off the wick, changing the final mass recorded

47
Q

How and when did Earth’s atmosphere form?

A

4.4-4 billion years ago. As Earth cooled, volcanism started to occur and volcanic gasses created Earth’s atmosphere, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water vapour

48
Q

What is the atmosphere?

A

the layer of gases that surrounds Earth

49
Q

How and when did the oceans form?

A

3.2 billion years ago, The water vapour from the volcanic activity condensed and formed the oceans

50
Q

Why did the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decrease?

A

carbon dioxide reacted with water in the ocean to form carbonic acid, which dissolves in water to form carbonate (which forms rocks)

51
Q

How much carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere?

A

0.04%

52
Q

How much carbon dioxide used to be in the atmosphere?

A

70%

53
Q

How did photosynthesizing prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria, change the Earth’s atmosphere?

A

They underwent respiration, using up carbon dioxide and producing oxygen

54
Q

What is the composition of the atmosphere?

A

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other (water, carbon dioxide, methane, argon)

55
Q

Test for oxygen

A

Relights a glowing splint

56
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

the trapping of the sun’s warmth in a planet’s lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet’s surface.

57
Q

Give three greenhouse gases

A

Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour

58
Q

Evidence for human induced climate change

A

The graphs showing carbon dioxide levels and global average temperature over the last 200 years correlate. However, one must consider historical accuracy of measurements.

59
Q

How are greenhouse gases produced?

A

Methane - animals bowels, rice, from landfill sites. CO2 - burning fossil fuels

60
Q

Evidence for oxygen forming

A

Iron pyrite becoming iron oxide in presence of oxygen (seen in rock layers) - happened same time as stromatolites formed

61
Q

How do we estimate our early atmosphere?

A

Compare to other rocky planets with similar circumstances (Venus, mars)

Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Higher (12 decks)

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