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Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Higher > Topic 2 - States of Matter and Mixtures > Flashcards

Topic 2 - States of Matter and Mixtures Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, gas

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2
Q

What do the properties of states of matter depended on?

A

The forces between particles

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3
Q

What force of attraction is there in the solid state of matter?

A

Strong, holding them in fixed positions in a regular lattice arrangement

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4
Q

What is the movement of particles like in a solid?

A

Particles don’t move from their position all solids keep a definitive shape and volume. They only vibrate in fixed positions.

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5
Q

What causes a solid to vibrate more?

A

Increase in temperature

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6
Q

How much energy do particles in a solid have?

A

Not much

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7
Q

What are forces of attraction like in liquid?

A

Some, they’re free to move past each one there but generally stick together

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8
Q

How does the shape and volume of a liquid change?

A

Liquids don’t keep the same shape, adapting to their container, but keep the same volume.

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9
Q

How much energy do liquids have

A

More than solids, but less than gases.

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10
Q

What causes increased speed of the particles in liquids?

A

Increasing the temperature

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11
Q

What are forces of attraction like in gases?

A

There’s little to none, they are free to move.

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12
Q

What is movement like in gases?

A

They travel in straight lines and only interact when they collide. They move constantly in random motion

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13
Q

How does the shape and volume of gases change?

A

They don’t keep a definitive shape and volume and will fill any container, exerting pressure on its walls

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14
Q

How much energy do gas particles have?

A

Lots, more than solid and liquid

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15
Q

What happens when temperature is increased to gases?

A

They will expand, or their pressure increases.

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16
Q

How does a solid melt?

A

-As particles are heated they gain more energy, which causes them to vibrate more and weaken the forces that hold them together making the solid expand

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17
Q

How does a liquid boil?

A

-When a liquid is heated it’s particles gain more energy which causes them to move faster and weaken bonds between them

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18
Q

How does a gas condense?

A

-As a gas cools, it’s particles no longer have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them, leading to bonds forming

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19
Q

How does a liquid freeze?

A

-As a liquid cools, particles have less energy and so it’s particles move around less

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20
Q

How are chemical changes different to physical changes?

A

-Chemical changes are hard to reverse

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21
Q

What does it mean when a substance is pure?

A

If it is made up of one single element or compound

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22
Q

What are mixtures?

A

More than one compound present, or different elements not a part of the same compound

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23
Q

How can purity be tested for using melting points?

A

-Pure substances have specific melting and boiling points

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24
Q

What does simple distillation do?

A

Separate out a liquid from a solution

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25
Q

Step 1 of the pure water and sea water distillation

A

-Pour sample of seawater into distillation flask

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26
Q

What do you do after pouring a sample of sea water into a distillation flask (pure water and sea water distillation)?

A
  • Connect the distillation flask to a condenser, and have the condenser over a beaker.
  • Connect the bottom end of the condenser to a cold tap using rubber tubing.
  • Run cold water through the condenser to keep it cool
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27
Q

What do you do after connecting everything and running cold water through the condenser in the pure water and sea water distillation?

A
  • Gradually heat the distillation flask.
  • The part of the solution that has the lowest boiling point will evaporate, in this case the water
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28
Q

What happens after the distillation flask has been heated in the pure water and sea water distillation?

A

The water vapour passes through the condenser where it cools and condenses and flows into the beaker where it can be collected

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29
Q

What happens after the water vapour passes through the condenser, where it cools and condenses in the pure water and sea water distillation?

A

Eventually, there will just be salt left in the distillation flask

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30
Q

What is the problem with simple distillation?

A

Things separated must have very different boiling points

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31
Q

What is fractional distillation used for?

A

To separate a mixture of liquids even if their boiling points are close together

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32
Q

Fractional distillation step 1

A

Put your mixture in your flask

33
Q

What do you do after putting the mixture in the flask in fractional distillation?

A
  • Attach a fractioning column with glass rods, with hottest part of the column being at the bottom, and the coolest at the top.
  • Also attach a condenser and a thermometer at the top of the fractioning column.
34
Q

What do you do after attaching everything in fractional distillation?

A
  • Gradually heat the flask.
  • The different liquids will all have different boiling points so they will evaporate at different temperatures.
35
Q

What happens to liquids with lower boiling points in fractional distillation?

A
  • The liquid with the lowest boiling point will evaporate first.
  • When the temperature on the thermometer matches the boiling point of this liquid, it will reach the top of the column.
36
Q

What happens to liquids with higher boiling points in fractional distillation?

A

Liquids with higher boiling points may start evaporating, but the column is cooler towards the top so they will condense and go back down

37
Q

What happens once the first liquid has been collected in fractional distillation?

A

When the first liquid has been collected, raise the temperature until the next one reaches the top

38
Q

What is filtration used for?

A

To separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

39
Q

What can filtration also be used?

A

-Purification of substances by removing solid impurities

40
Q

How is filtration done?

A
  • Put filter paper into a funnel and pour the mixture onto it.
  • The liquid part will go through the paper, leaving behind a solid residue
41
Q

What is crystallisation used for?

A

Separating a soluble solid from a solution

42
Q

Step 1 of crystalliation

A

Pour the solution into an evaporating dish and gently heat the solution

43
Q

What do you do after pouring the solution into an evaporating dish and heating it in crystallisation?

A

Once some of the water has evaporated, or crystals have started to form removing the evaporating dish from the heat

44
Q

What should the salt start to do in crystallisation?

A

The salt should start to form crystals as it becomes insoluble in the cold, highly concentrated solution.

45
Q

What do you do with the crystals in crystallisation?

A

Filter the crystals out of the solution, and leave them in a warm place to dry. You could also use a drying oven or a desiccator.

46
Q

What are the two phases in chromatography?

A

Mobile phase and stationary phase

47
Q

What is the mobile phase in chromatography?

A

Where the molecules can move. This is always a liquid or a gas

48
Q

What is the stationary phase in chromatography?

A

Where the molecules can’t move - this can be a solid or a really thick liquid

49
Q

What is the mobile phase in paper chromatography?

A

solvent

50
Q

What is the stationary phase in paper chromatography?

A

paper

51
Q

Why use a pencil to draw the line in chromatography?

A
  • Draw a line in pencil at the bottom of the paper (not in pen because it’s soluble).
52
Q

What do you do after drawing the pencil line?

A
  • Put some solvent into the beaker
53
Q

What do you do after putting solvent into the beaker?

A

Put a watch glass on top of the beaker to stop any water from evaporating

54
Q

What do you do after putting a watch glass on top of the beaker?

A
  • The solvent will move up the paper
55
Q

What happens after the solvent moves up the paper?

A

The mixture will begin to separate out, forming spots at different points of the paper

56
Q

What do you do after the mixture begins to separate?

A

Remove the paper from the solvent before it reaches the top. Mark where the solvent has reached

57
Q

What should be done if a substance stays at the baseline?

A

Use a different solvent, as it is insoluble in that solvent

58
Q

What should be done if some chemicals in the mixture are colourless?

A

Spray the chromatogram with a chemical called a locating agent

59
Q

What is the piece of paper called at the end of chromatography?

A

Chromatogram

60
Q

What is the equation for Rf value?

A

distance moved by substance/distance moved by solvent

61
Q

What is Rf value controlled by?

A

-How soluble the molecule is in the solvent

62
Q

Why does solubility increase Rf value?

A

Molecules with higher solubility in the solvent will spend more time in the mobile phase than the stationary phase, so will be carried further up the paper

63
Q

What can chromatography be useful for?

A

-See is a certain substance is present is present in a mixture, by running a pure sample by a mixture and seeing if one of the spots have the same Rf value

64
Q

What is ink?

A

A mixture of different dyes dissolved in a solvent.

65
Q

What two separation methods can be used to analyse ink?

A

Simple distillation and chromatography

66
Q

How can simple distillation and chromatography be used to analyse ink?

A

-Simple distillation can be used to find out what solvent the ink contains

67
Q

What is potable water?

A

water that is safe to drink

68
Q

What are the sources of water in the UK?

A

Surface water, ground water, waste water

69
Q

What is surface water?

A

Water found on Earth’s surface in places like oceans, lakes, rivers, and reservoirs.

70
Q

What is the disadvantage of surface water?

A

In much of England and Wales, surface water sources start to run dry during summer months

71
Q

What is ground water?

A

From aquifers (rocks that trap water underground)

72
Q

What is waste water?

A

Water that has been contaminated by a human process. Treating waste water is preferable to disposing of the water, which can be polluting.

73
Q

Which sources of water generally need to be purified the most?

A

waste water and surface water

74
Q

What is the process of purifying water?

A

1) Filtration- A wire mesh screens out large twigs etc and the gravel and sand beds filter out any other solid parts

75
Q

What is an alternate method of obtaining potable water?

A

-In dry countries, sea water is distilled to produce drinking water

76
Q

What water must be used in chemical analysis?

A

Deionised water

77
Q

What is deionised water?

A

Water that has had metallic ions (such as copper or calcium ions) removed.

78
Q

Why must deionised water be used in experiments?

A

They can interfere with experiments and give a false result

Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Higher (12 decks)

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