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GCSE Combined Biology (Edexcel) > Topic 8 - Exchange and Transport in Animals COMPLETE PK > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Exchange and Transport in Animals COMPLETE PK Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we mean when we talk about the concentration of a substance?

A

the amount of the substance in a certain volume (usually of another substance)

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2
Q

By what process do particles move from a place of greater concentration to a place of lower concentration?

A

diffusion

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3
Q

In diffusion, do particles move up or down a concentration gradient?

A

down

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4
Q

For what process in the body do we need oxygen?

A

aerobic respiration

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5
Q

What gases are exchanged in the lungs?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

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6
Q

What molecule is used to carry oxygen in red blood cells?

A

haemoglobin

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7
Q

A cuboid has sides of 4 cm by 4 cm by 5 cm. What units would be used for its surface area?

A

cm2

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8
Q

A cuboid has sides of 4 cm by 4 cm by 5 cm. What units would be used for its volume?

A

cm3

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9
Q

A cell has a surface area of 24 cm2 and a volume of 8 cm3. What is the ratio of its surface area to its volume?

A

3 : 1, although note that surface area : volume (SA : V) ratios are given as a single figure, 31 3  in this case

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10
Q

How are the lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

large surface area/alveoli

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11
Q

In human lungs, what gas is transported into the blood using gas exchange?

A

oxygen

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12
Q

How are alveoli adapted to their function?

A

they have a large surface area, they have thin walls

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13
Q

For what process does the body need glucose?

A

respiration

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14
Q

By what transport method do carbon dioxide molecules move from the blood into the lungs?

A

diffusion

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15
Q

A cube has a volume of 1000 cm3 and surface area of 600 cm2. What is its surface area : volume ratio?

A

0.6, but accept 3 : 5

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16
Q

How is the SA : V ratio of larger cells different from the SA : V ratio of smaller cells?

A

larger cells have a smaller SA : V ratio

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17
Q

How is the concentration gradient of oxygen between the inside and the outside of a capillary maintained?

A

by the flow of blood

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18
Q

What is the unit g/cm3 a measure of?

A

concentration

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19
Q

In what other format can g/cm3 be written?

A

g cm–3

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20
Q

Which organ excretes carbon dioxide in humans?

A

lung(s)

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21
Q

In what pocket-shaped structures does carbon dioxide excretion occur?

A

alveoli

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22
Q

Why do alveoli have walls that are only one cell thick?

A

to increase the rate of diffusion

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23
Q

Which organ excretes urea in humans?

A

kidney(s)

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24
Q

What do you divide surface area by to calculate a surface area : volume (SA : V) ratio?

A

volume

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25
Q

Which have the bigger SA : V ratios, smaller cells or larger cells?

A

smaller

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26
Q

Does diffusion happen up or down a concentration gradient?

A

down

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27
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels in the body called?

A

capillaries

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28
Q

What is the name of the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

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29
Q

What is the function of an erythrocyte?

A

to carry oxygen

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30
Q

What is the name of the ‘pockets’ in the lungs where gas exchange occurs?

A

alveoli

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31
Q

Which blood vessels take blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

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32
Q

Which blood vessels have thick, elastic walls?

A

arteries

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33
Q

Which blood vessels contain valves?

A

veins

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34
Q

Through which blood vessels does diffusion of substances into and out of tissues take place?

A

capillaries

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35
Q

Which blood cells are adapted to carry oxygen?

A

red blood cells, erythrocytes

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36
Q

Which blood cells engulf and digest foreign cells?

A

phagocytes

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37
Q

Which component of the blood carries urea?

A

plasma

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38
Q

What helps to push blood along veins in the legs?

A

skeletal muscles

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39
Q

How many chambers does a human heart have?

A

four

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40
Q

What happens when blood is prevented from reaching heart muscles?

A

heart attack

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41
Q

What are the lower chambers of the heart called?

A

ventricles

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42
Q

What stops blood flowing the wrong way in the heart?

A

valves

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43
Q

Which side of the heart has the thicker muscle walls?

A

left side

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44
Q

What parts of the body does the right side of the heart supply with blood?

A

lungs

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45
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood to the left atrium from the lungs?

A

pulmonary vein

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46
Q

Does the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?

A

deoxygenated

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47
Q

Why does heart rate increase during exercise?

A

cells in tissues need more oxygen/glucose

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48
Q

Jack’s stroke volume is 0.1 litres/beat and his heart rate is 50 beats per minute. What is his cardiac output?

A

0.1 × 50 = 5 litres/min

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49
Q

What element does aerobic respiration need that anaerobic respiration does not?

A

oxygen

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50
Q

What happens to energy in an exothermic reaction?

A

It is transferred to the surroundings.

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51
Q

Diffusion is things moving from an area of ____ concentration, ____ the diffusion gradient and into an area of ___ concentration

A

high, down, low

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52
Q

True/False: Things can diffuse moving in or out of a cell

A

True

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53
Q

True/False: Diffusion can happen in the lungs

A

True

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54
Q

What are the alveoli in the lungs?

A

The air spaces

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55
Q

The walls in the lungs are only _ cell thick

A

1

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56
Q

Carbon dioxide can/can’t diffuse from the blood into the lungs so it can be breathed out

A

can

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57
Q

True/False: Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the lungs so it can be breathed out

A

False, oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood so that it can be taken around the body

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58
Q

True/False: Diffusion cannot take place in the gut

A

False, it can

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59
Q

How thick are the walls of the villus of the gut?

A

1 cell thick

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60
Q

What is the plural of villi?

A

Villus

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61
Q

How are villi adapted to function?

A

They have a large surface area

62
Q

Digested food moves from the gut cavity into the _____ so that it can be taken around the rest of the body

A

blood

63
Q

Diffusion is the process of moving gases or any particles dissolved in a solution, ____ a concentration gradient from a ____ concentration to a ___ concentration

A

down, high, low

64
Q

Blood is made up of 1/several component(s)

A

several

65
Q

What is the liquid component of blood called?

A

Serum

66
Q

What colour is serum?

A

Pale/yellow

67
Q

What part of blood give it its colour?

A

The cells

68
Q

True/False: Red blood cells have nuclei

A

False, they have no nuclei

69
Q

Why do red blood cells have no nuclei?

A

So they have more space to carry oxygen

70
Q

What is the main function of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen

71
Q

White blood cells are part of the ______ system

A

immune

72
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells

73
Q

What are platelets important for?

A

Things like clotting

74
Q

Arteries have very _____ walls

A

thick

75
Q

Arteries have ____ lumen

A

thin

76
Q

Why do arteries have very thick walls?

A

They are carrying blood under high pressure

77
Q

What is the gap in the middle of an artery?

A

The lumen

78
Q

Capillaries are very large/small

A

Small

79
Q

How small are capillaries?

A

They are only 1 cell thick

80
Q

Why are capillaries only 1 cell thick?

A

To allow for diffusion

81
Q

True/False: Capillaries generally go around a kind of mesh network

A

True

82
Q

What do capillaries go around?

A

Things like the villi in the gut and the alveoli in the lungs so they have a large surface area.

83
Q

Veins carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood

A

deoxygenated

84
Q

Where do veins carry blood?

A

Back to the heart

85
Q

What do the valves in veins do?

A

Allow them to carry blood back to the heart

86
Q

Why do veins have thin walls and thick lumen?

A

They are carrying blood under low pressure

87
Q

In the respiratory system, air goes in through…

A

The mouth or the nose

88
Q

What is the also known as trachea?

A

Wind pipe

89
Q

After air goes through the mouth or nose, it travels down to the…

A

trachea

90
Q

After the trachea, air travels down to the…

A

bronchus

91
Q

What is the bronchus?

A

A branch of the trachea

92
Q

After the bronchus, air travels down to the…

A

bronchiole

93
Q

What is the bronchiole?

A

A branch of the bronchus

94
Q

After the bronchiole, air travels to the…

A

cauliflower-shaped alveoli

95
Q

What happens in the cauliflower-shaped alveoli?

A

Gas exchange

96
Q

The cauliflower-shaped alveoli have very large _______ ____

A

surface area

97
Q

Your diaphragm moves up and down to…

A

Move air in and out

98
Q

What does the heart do?

A

Pumps blood around the body

99
Q

What do the intercostal muscles do?

A

Allow the rib cage to expand

100
Q

What do the ribs do?

A

Protect the lungs

101
Q

The cardiovascular system is a single/double system

A

double

102
Q

In the cardiovascular system, blood gets pumped from…

A

The heart to the lungs, back to the heart and then around the rest of the body

103
Q

What is the first thing you should do when you see a photo of the heart

A

Write right and left on it

104
Q

Where does blood enter the heart?

A

The vena cava

105
Q

After blood has entered the heart through the vena cava, where does it go?

A

To the right atrium

106
Q

Blood goes from the right atrium down through a v____

A

valve

107
Q

Where does blood go after the right atrium?

A

Through a valve in to the right ventricle

108
Q

Where does blood go from the right ventricle?

A

The lungs, via the pulmonary artery

109
Q

Blood goes from the right ventricle to the lungs, via the…

A

pulmonary artery

110
Q

From the lungs, blood comes back into the heart via the..

A

pulmonary vein

111
Q

When blood comes back into the heart from the lungs, where does it go?

A

Into the left atrium

112
Q

Where does blood go from the left atrium?

A

Into the left ventricle

113
Q

When blood leaves the left ventricle, it is…

A

pumped to the rest of the body, via the aorta

114
Q

What is the pattern of letters to check that you have written the path of blood right?

A

VAVAVAVA - Vena cava - atrium - ventricle - artery - vein - atrium - ventricle - aorta

115
Q

What do valves do?

A

Only allow blood to flow one way

116
Q

The left side of the heart has a much larger/smaller muscle than the right side

A

larger

117
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have a much larger muscle than the right side?

A

The right side only has to pump blood to the lungs, which aren’t very far away, whereas the left side has to pump blood to the rest of the body which is a much longer distance

118
Q

Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to?

A

The lungs

119
Q

Where does the right side of the heart pump blood?

A

All around the body

120
Q

Which vein carries oxygenated blood?

A

The pulmonary vein

121
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood?

A

Back into the heart

122
Q

The majority of the time, veins carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood

A

deoxygenated

123
Q

The majority of the time, arteries carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood

A

oxygenated

124
Q

Which artery carries deoxygenated blood?

A

The pulmonary artery

125
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood from/to?

A

From the heart to the lungs

126
Q

If the heart isn’t functioning properly, __________ can be introduced to help the heart keep time

A

pacemakers

127
Q

What can happen in the heart if somebody has cardiovascular disease?

A

Tubes can get blocked up

128
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide

129
Q

What is the symbol for oxygen?

A

O2

130
Q

What is the symbol for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

131
Q

What is the symbol for water?

A

H20

132
Q

What is the symbol for carbon dioxide?

A

CO2

133
Q

Write the balanced equation for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H20 + 6C02

134
Q

Is respiration an endothermic or an exothermic reaction?

A

exothermic

135
Q

What does an exothermic reaction mean?

A

A reaction where energy is given out

136
Q

The screaming jelly baby demo is the best example of ___________

A

respiration

137
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

Without oxygen

138
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose -> energy + lactic acid

139
Q

Anaerobic respiration uses more/less energy than aerobic respiration

A

less

140
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration not use as much energy as aerobic respiration?

A

The glucose isn’t broken down

141
Q

Where does lactic acid build up?

A

Muscles

142
Q

What does the build up of lactic acids in muscles cause?

A

Any oxygen debt

143
Q

The build up or lactic acid in your muscles is painless/painful

A

painful

144
Q

When does lactic acid build up in your muscles?

A

When you are doing things such as sprinting/when you run out of oxygen

145
Q

What do you need to do when you finish running (for example) - to get rid of oxygen debt

A

Breathe really hard/pant to pay back the oxygen debt/get the blood flowing/remove the lactic acid from your muscles

146
Q

True/False: Anaerobic respiration can take place in yeast

A

True

147
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

Yeast + glucose -> carbon dioxide + ethanol

148
Q

What is ethanol used in?

A

Drinks and cleaning products

149
Q

In the context of yeast, what does carbon dioxide do?

A

Make your cakes/bread rise

150
Q
A

GCSE Combined Biology (Edexcel) (9 decks)

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