Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE Combined Biology (Edexcel) > Topic 2 - Cells and Control COMPLETE PK > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells and Control COMPLETE PK Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards AP® Biology flashcards GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards Biology 101 flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards
1
Q

In human cells, what is a chromosome?

A

a structure found in nuclei, containing a DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of cell division forms two identical daughter cells?

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In which stage of the cell cycle are the chromosomes duplicated?

A

interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In which stage of the cell cycle, at the end of mitosis, does the one cell divide into two?

A

cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What term describes a cell that has two sets of chromosomes?

A

diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are plant meristems found?

A

tips of plant shoots and roots (also just inside bark of trees)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens in a plant meristem?

A

Cells divide rapidly by mitosis as the plant grows

unspecialised/stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens during cell differentiation?

A

Cells develop special features that help them carry out a particular function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is cell differentiation important to plants and animals?

A

Specialised cells are more effective at carrying out different functions in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A root hair cell is a specialised cell. What is its function?

A

to absorb water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is a root hair cell specialised to carry out its function?

A

It has a long extension into the soil that increases the surface area for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain how one specialisation of a xylem vessel helps it carry out its function.

A

any one from: thickened wall to prevent collapse of tube/withstand pressure of water; no cell cytoplasm and lost cell walls to form long tubes through which water flows up the plant; small holes in thick cell wall so water can pass into and out of the vessel from surrounding cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name one feature, other than mass, that could be measured to show growth in a plant.

A

any suitable measure that will show change over time, such as: height, tree girth, leaf area, number of leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the type of cell division that cells use to make identical copies of themselves.

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of cell has the ability to differentiate into specialised cells?

A

stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In what organ system would you find nerve cells?

A

the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Are nerve cells diploid or haploid?

A

diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What part of a nerve cell contains chromosomes?

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What part of a nerve cell makes proteins?

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nerve cells require a lot of energy. What cell structure would you expect them to have a lot of?

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a nerve cell specialised to do?

A

carry electrical signals/impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List your senses.

A

touch, hearing, sight, taste, smell, balance, temperature and plenty of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

State the name of one organ in the nervous system.

A

brain, spinal cord or nerves or a named sense organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of cells detect stimuli?

A

receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In which sense organ would you find receptor cells that detect light waves?

A

eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the electrical signals used in the nervous system called?

A

impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

List, in order, the organs that an impulse goes through from the hand to the brain.

A

nerve(s), spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the two long ‘arms’ of a sensory neurone called?

A

dendron and axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

List, in order, the parts of a sensory neurone that an impulse goes through.

A

dendrite, dendron, axon, axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why are sensory neurones so long?

A

to carry impulses quickly over long distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the name of the fatty sheath that surrounds dendrons and axons?

A

myelin sheath

32
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

speeds up transmission of impulses, insulates neurones from each other

33
Q

What letters are DNA made up of?

A

As, Ts, Cs and Gs

34
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double Helix

35
Q

The double helix is ridiculously long so it is further twisted round to be in a

A

Chromosone

36
Q

Where are chromosomes located?

A

In the nucleus of a cell

37
Q

In mitosis we go from one parent cell to…

A

Two identical daughter cells

38
Q

What is the first thing that happens in mitosis?

A

The DNA condenses in to chromosomes and lines up down the middle

39
Q

Once chromosomes have lined up down the middle and checks have taken place, they…

A

can start to be pulled apart to either end of the cell

40
Q

What happens when the chromosomes are pulled apart to either end of the cell?

A

New nuclei will form

41
Q

What happens after new nuclei forms in mitosis?

A

They will separate in to two identical daughter cells

42
Q

What is the order of the stages of mitosis?

A

Interphase - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telephase - Cytokinesis

43
Q

What is a good acronym to remember the order of the stages of mitosis?

A

I Party Madly At The Club

44
Q

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

You will get a genetically diverse population which means they are going to be better protected from diseases

45
Q

What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

A

You will get a genetically identical population - if a disease comes along and one plant is susceptible, chances are all plants are going to be susceptible too and they will all be wiped out at once

46
Q

Give 1 advantage of asexual reproduction

A

Any from there is only one parent meaning that the plant or animal doesn’t have to wait for a mate and their energy is conserved - the parent is putting all of its energy in to conserving its own genes

47
Q

What is the disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

A

A mate is required and this can sometimes be hard to find especially in sparsely populated locations

48
Q

What is cancer?

A

When cells begin to divide uncontrollably

49
Q

What does the uncontrollable division of cells lead to?

A

Lumps which can either be benign tumours or malignant tumours

50
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Things like warts and moles - they are slow and generally harmless

51
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Fast growing, aggressive and mobile - cells will move throughout your body and cells from the initial lump will jump in to the bloodstream and move somewhere else - they could set up tumours and lumps in other places

52
Q

A lump on your skin generally could do you a lot of damage/probably won’t do you much damage

A

Probably won’t do you must damage

53
Q

A lump on your brain, liver or lungs could do you a lot of damage/probably won’t do you much damage

A

Could do you a lot of damage

54
Q

Name 2 risk factors of cancer that we are in control of

A

Any 2 from smoking, diet, sun and unprotected sex

55
Q

How is smoking a risk factor of cancer?

A

Has large implications in lung cancer

56
Q

How is diet a risk factor of cancer?

A

A good diet can reduce your risk of bowel cancer whereas if you don’t eat much fruit and vegetables you are putting your bowel at risk of cancer

57
Q

How is the amount of time we spend in the sun a risk factor of cancer?

A

Can effect your susceptibility to skin cancer

58
Q

How is unprotected sex a risk factor of cancer?

A

Can leave you at risk of cervical cancer

59
Q

What do stem cells have the potential to do?

A

Turn into any other type of cell

60
Q

How can stem cells be used when treating Parkinsons disease?

A

Grow new brain scells

61
Q

How can stem cells be used when treating brain and spinal injuries?

A

Grow new bones to fill the gap

62
Q

How can stem cells be used to combat organ failure?

A

Can grow new organs/parts of organs instead of making someone wait on the transplant waiting list

63
Q

What is the method for making stem cells?

A

Nuclei removed from egg cell - nuclei from patient cell inserted in to empty egg - egg starts to develop into embryo - stem cells removed from embryo - stem cells turned into new cells

64
Q

What controversy comes with making stem cells?

A

Human embryos will be created and destroyed - there are lots of religious objections to this as lots of people say that life starts when embryos are created and people object to the destruction of embryos

65
Q

The nervous sytem is incredibly complex/simple

A

complex

66
Q

What is in the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal chord as well as all the neurons (receptors and effectors)

67
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central Nervous System

68
Q

What needs to happen when you pick up a stimuli?

A

That signal needs to travel from wherever you picked it up (your fingers) all the way up to your nervous system

69
Q

Where will the signal sent after picking up a stimuli sometimes stop?

A

The spinal chord

70
Q

What is a reflex?

A

When you pick up a stimuli and the signal gets sent to your CNS, which then sends the signal straight back

71
Q

Touching something hot and moving your hand away without thinking about it happens as a result of your…

A

reflexes

72
Q

Nerve cell bodies are incredibly short/long

A

long

73
Q

What can nerve cells send?

A

Fast electrical signals

74
Q

What happens when nerve cells have to send a signal from one nerve cell to another?

A

Things slow down

75
Q

Why do things slow down when nerve cells have to send a signal from one nerve cell to another?

A

They have to cross a synapse

76
Q

What is sent across a synapse?

A

A slow chemical signal

77
Q

Why is crossing a synapse a slow process?

A

The chemical has to be released, diffused across the channel, get picked up and then initiate another electrical signal

GCSE Combined Biology (Edexcel) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions