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GCSE Combined Biology (Edexcel) > Topic 6 - Plant Structures and their Functions COMPLETE PK > Flashcards

Topic 6 - Plant Structures and their Functions COMPLETE PK Flashcards

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1
Q

In a food chain, consumers eat other organisms. What word is used to describe organisms that make their own food?

A

producers

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2
Q

What process do plants and algae use to make their own food?

A

photosynthesis

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3
Q

In what sub-cellular part of a plant cell does photosynthesis occur?

A

chloroplast

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4
Q

What substance from the air do plants need for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide

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5
Q

What substance from the ground do plants need for photosynthesis?

A

water

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6
Q

What organs do plants use to get water from the ground?

A

roots

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7
Q

How are roots adapted to getting water from the ground quickly?

A

large surface area, root hair cells

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8
Q

What energy-storing compound is made in photosynthesis?

A

glucose

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9
Q

Suggest one use for glucose in a plant.

A

respiration, making other substances

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10
Q

In what sub-cellular part of a plant cell does respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

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11
Q

What product of photosynthesis is a gas at room temperature?

A

oxygen

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12
Q

Plants photosynthesise. Name one other group of organisms that photosynthesise.

A

algae or cyanobacteria

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13
Q

What reactant in photosynthesis is a gas at room temperature?

A

carbon dioxide

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14
Q

What are all the materials that make up an organism known as?

A

biomass

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15
Q

In what subcellular parts of plants does photosynthesis occur?

A

chloroplasts

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16
Q

Where does all the energy originally come from in most food chains?

A

the Sun

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17
Q

What polymer inside chloroplasts is made from glucose?

A

starch

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18
Q

Name the main sugar that is transported around most plants.

A

sucrose

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19
Q

What do we mean by the ‘rate’ of photosynthesis?

A

the speed of the reactions

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20
Q

What is a rate of reaction?

A

how fast a reaction happens

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21
Q

What do we call something that prevents a rate of reaction increasing?

A

limiting factor

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22
Q

If light intensity is a limiting factor, what happens to the rate of photosynthesis when it is increased?

A

The rate increases.

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23
Q

When there is plenty of light and plenty of carbon dioxide, suggest one factor that could be limiting.

A

temperature or water

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24
Q

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis as a plant is moved further away from a light source?

A

It decreases.

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25
Q

What relationship is shown by a straight line through the points on a scatter graph?

A

linear relationship

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26
Q

What sort of linear relationship is shown by a straight line through the origin?

A

direct proportion

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27
Q

Higher and Triple only- By what law does light intensity vary with distance?

A

inverse square law

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28
Q

Higher and Triple only- What is light intensity inversely proportional to?

A

distance squared

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29
Q

What happens to plants if they do not get enough water to fill their cells?

A

They wilt.

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30
Q

What term is used to describe the amount of a substance in a certain unit volume?

A

concentration

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31
Q

What term is used to describe the overall movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration?

A

diffusion

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32
Q

What term is used to describe the overall movement of solvent particles from higher concentration to lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane?

A

osmosis

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33
Q

What is the gradual change in concentration from one place to another called?

A

concentration gradient

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34
Q

What process do cells use to transport substances against their concentration gradient?

A

active transport

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35
Q

What adaptation do some root cells have in order to increase the amount of water they can absorb?

A

root hairs

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36
Q

Why do cells that use active transport often have a lot of mitochondria?

A

Active transport needs a lot of energy.

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37
Q

What do plants need nitrate ions for?

A

making proteins

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38
Q

Through what vessels is water moved up a plant?

A

xylem vessels

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39
Q

Through what tissue are sugars transported around a plant?

A

phloem tissue

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40
Q

What is the flow of water through a plant called?

A

transpiration

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41
Q

In what vessels does water flow?

A

xylem vessels

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42
Q

In what vessels are dissolved mineral ions carried?

A

xylem vessels

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43
Q

Give one other function of xylem vessels.

A

supporting the plant

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44
Q

What tissue is used for translocation?

A

phloem

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45
Q

Give the names of the two most common cells in phloem tissue.

A

sieve tubes and companion cells

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46
Q

Why do companion cells contain many mitochondria?

A

because they actively pump sucrose in and out of sieve tubes

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47
Q

If the humidity of the air around a plant is reduced, what happens to the rate of transpiration?

A

it increases

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48
Q

Which cells create the air spaces inside a leaf?

A

spongy cells

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49
Q

What term describes trees that lose their leaves in winter?

A

deciduous

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50
Q

Give one function of cuticle.

A

to prevent microorganisms entering/to prevent water entering/to reduce evaporation of water

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51
Q

What cells control the opening and closing of stomata?

A

guard cells

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52
Q

Explain why conifer trees have their stomata in pits.

A

to trap water vapour and reduce water loss

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53
Q

What word describes trees that lose their leaves in winter?

A

deciduous

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54
Q

Why do deciduous trees lose their leaves in winter?

A

to prevent water loss when water in the ground may not be available because it is frozen

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55
Q

Why is it an advantage for a plant root to grow downwards?

A

to anchor the plant/to reach water

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56
Q

Why is it an advantage for a plant shoot to grow towards the light?

A

to get energy for photosynthesis

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57
Q

What is a growth in response to a stimulus called?

A

tropism

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58
Q

What is a growth in response to the stimulus of light called?

A

photosynthesis

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59
Q

What is a growth away from light called?

A

negative phototropism

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60
Q

Name a part of a plant that shows negative phototropism.

A

root

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61
Q

What effect do auxins have on cells in a plant shoot?

A

cause them to elongate

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62
Q

What effect do auxins have on cells in a plant root?

A

stop them elongating

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63
Q

Name the growth response of a root in the direction of gravity.

A

positive gravitropism

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64
Q

Name the group of plant hormones that are used to help seeds germinate.

A

gibberellins

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65
Q

Name the plant hormone that is a gas and is used to ripen fruit.

A

ethene

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66
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Water + carbon dioxide -> oxygen + glucose

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67
Q

Why is light not put in the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

It is not a reactant - it is just a condition that’s needed

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68
Q

What is the symbol for water?

A

H20

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69
Q

What is the symbol for carbon dioxide?

A

CO2

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70
Q

What is the symbol for oxygen?

A

O2

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71
Q

What is the symbol for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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72
Q

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

A

6H2O + 6CO2 -> 6O2 + C6H12O6

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73
Q

Which of the following is the correct way to write the symbol for carbon dioxide?

CO2 CO2 CO2 2CO

A

CO2

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74
Q

What happens during photosynthesis?

A

Energy is taken from light and locked up in glucose

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75
Q

Is photosynthesis and exothermic or an endothermic reaction?

A

Endothermic

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76
Q

What does photosynthesis being an endothermic reaction mean?

A

It takes in energy

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77
Q

Name 2 requirements for photosynthesis

A

Any 2 from chlorophyll, water, carbon dioxide and sunlight

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78
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

The green pigmentin leaves

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79
Q

Why are water and carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis?

A

They are the reactants

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80
Q

The levels of chlorophyll, water, carbon dioxide and sunlight have a minor/major impact on how much photosynthesis takes place

A

major

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81
Q

True/False: The rate of photosynthesis depends on the % level of carbon dioxide

A

True

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82
Q

As the % level of carbon dioxide increases, the rate of photosynthesis…

A

increases to a point until there are other limiting factors

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83
Q

Why does the % level of carbon dioxide only cause the rate of photosynthesis to increase to a point?

A

There are other limiting factors such as water, light and temperature

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84
Q

Give 2 examples of limiting factors that may not allow the rate of photosynthesis to increase as the % of carbon dioxide increases

A

Any 2 from water, light and temperature

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85
Q

The graph showing the impact that the % level of carbon dioxide has on photosynthesis is also the same for _____

A

water

86
Q

When plants are very cold, everything acts very quickly/slowly

A

slowly

87
Q

As the temperature slowly increases, the rate of photosynthesis…

A

slowly increases to a point, until it gets too hot and the enzymes start to denature

88
Q

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when the enzymes are at the optimum temperature?

A

There is lots of photosynthesis going on

89
Q

What happens during photosynthesis when enzymes get warmer than the optimum temperature/it starts to get too hot for the enzymes?

A

They begin to denature and the rate of photosynthesis will fall very rapidly

90
Q

True/False: Enzymes die when they are too hot

A

False, they become denatured. They are not killed

91
Q

True/False: Night time is the best time for photosynthesis to occur

A

False, when it is dark not much photosynthesis occurs

92
Q

As we get further through the day and light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis…

A

increases to a point where it is no longer the limiting factor and other things like the reactants or temperature need to be increased

93
Q

True/False: Photosynthesis stops occuring when the blue line is flat

A

False, the rate of photosynthesis is just not increasing as much as it was before. It is at a steady rate

94
Q

True/False: The rate of photosynthesis depends on lots of different things all at once

A

True

95
Q

The glucose from photosynthesis is stored as ______

A

starch

96
Q

The most obvious example of starch is…

A

potatoes

97
Q

What happens in the palisde mesophyll?

A

Photosynthesis

98
Q

What is the cuticle of a cross section of a leaf?

A

Waxy layer

99
Q

What do the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf do?

A

Cover the plant

100
Q

What is spongy mesophyll in a leaf?

A

A space for gas exchnge

101
Q

What takes place in the guard cell and stomata of the cross section of a leaf?

A

Transpiration

102
Q

Inside a plant there is p_____ and x____

A

phloem and xylem

103
Q

What does the xylem carry?

A

Water

104
Q

In what direction do the xylem generally carry water?

A

Upwards

105
Q

Where do the xylem transfer water from and to?

A

From the roots where it is collected to the leaves where it can be used for photosynthesis

106
Q

Why do the xylem carry water to the leaves?

A

So it can be used for photosynthesis

107
Q

What do the phloem carry?

A

Ions and food

108
Q

In what direction to the phloem generally carry ions and food?

A

Downwards

109
Q

Where do the phloem carry food and ions from/to?

A

From the leaf where food can be made in photosynthesis to the roots where it can be stored in, for example, potatoes

110
Q

Why do the phloem transfer food and ions from the leaves to the roots?

A

Food is made in photosynthesis and then it travels to the roots where it can be stored in, for example, potatoes

111
Q

There are little/several factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A

several

112
Q

Transpiration not only involes water moving ___ of the stomata but also up through the _____

A

out, xylem

113
Q

True/False: Bright light leads to less transpiration

A

False, it leads to more transpiration

114
Q

More light means more/less photosynthesis, which means there is going to need to be more/less water brought up into the cell

A

more, more

115
Q

True/False: A high temperature will lead to more transpiration

A

True

116
Q

Why will a high temperature lead to more transpiration?

A

The rate of reaction will happen faster

117
Q

True/False: High wind will lead to less transpiration

A

False, it will lead to more

118
Q

Why does high wind lead to more transpiration?

A

It brushes against the leaf and moves things out the way so diffusion will play a part

119
Q

High humidity leads to higher/lower transpiration

A

lower

120
Q

Why does high humidity lead to lower transpiration?

A

Water will struggle to leave the leaf because there is a very high concentration of water - it is very humid outside

121
Q

Photosynthesis is where…

A

energy enters most of the food chains on Earth

122
Q

Organisms that carry out ______________ have crucial positions at the start of food chains

A

photosynthesis

123
Q

Plants are able to make their own food by what process?

A

Photo synthesis

124
Q

During photosynthesis, what use energy from the sun to make glucose?

A

Photosynthetic organisms such as green plants and algae

125
Q

Give an example of a photosynthetic organism

A

Any from green plants and algae, etc

126
Q

During photosynthesis, photosynthetic organisms use what from the sun to make what?

A

energy to make glucose

127
Q

Some of the glucose produced as a result of photosynthesis is used to make larger, complex molecules that…

A

the plants or algae need to grow

128
Q

What make up an organism’s biomass?

A

The larger, complex molecules that some of the glucose from photosynthesis is used to make - plants or algae need this to grow

129
Q

Biomass

A

The mass of living material

130
Q

How does energy stored in an organisms’ biomass work its way through the food chain?

A

As animals eat them and each other

131
Q

True/False: Photosynthetic organisms are the main producers of food for nearly all life on Earth

A

True

132
Q

Where does photosynthesis happen?

A

Inside chloroplasts

133
Q

Why does photosynthesis happen inside chloroplasts?

A

They contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light

134
Q

Chlorophyll absorbs _____

A

light

135
Q

How is energy transferred to the chloroplasts?

A

By light

136
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water ———————————-> glucose + oxygen

light & chlorophyll

137
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

138
Q

Photosyntesis is an exo/endothermic reaction

A

endothermic

139
Q

What does photosynthesis being an endothermic reactoin mean?

A

Energy is taken in during the reaction

140
Q

Give 2 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

Any 2 from light intensity, the concentration of CO2 and the temperature

141
Q

Which factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis can become a limiting factor?

A

All of them

142
Q

If temperature is the limiting factor of rate of photosynthesis… what does this mean?

A

It’s stopping photosynthesis from happening any faster

143
Q

The temperature has to be ____ _____ for photosynthesis?

A

Just right

144
Q

Why does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

It affects the enzymes involved

145
Q

Usually, if the temperature is the limiting factor of photosynthesis it’s because it’s too high/low

A

low

146
Q

The enzymes needed for photosynthesis work more quickly/slowly at low temperatures

A

slowly

147
Q

If a plant gets too hot, the enzymes needed for photosynthesis and its other reactions will…

A

be denatured

148
Q

At which temperature will a plant get too hot and the enzymes it needs fo rphotosynthesis denature?

A

About 45 degrees celcius, which is pretty hot for outdoors although greenhouses can get that hot if you’re not careful

149
Q

True/False: The temperature outside is often over 45 degrees celcius

A

False, although greenhouses can get that hot if you’re not careful

150
Q

Not enough light speeds up/slows down the rate of photosynthesis

A

slows down

151
Q

Light transfers the ______ needed for photosynthesis

A

energy

152
Q

At first, as the light level is raised, the rate of photosynthesis…

A

increases steadily - the rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to light intensity

153
Q

True/False: The rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to light intensity

A

True, but only up to a certain point

154
Q

Why will light intensity not make a difference after a certain point?

A

It’ll either be the temperature or the CO2 level which is the limiting factor

155
Q

How can you investigate light intensity in a lab?

A

By moving a lamp closer to or further away from a plant

156
Q

If you just plot the rate of photosynthesis against “distance of lamp from the plant”, what shape graph will you get?

A

You get a weird-shaped graph

157
Q

To get an accurate graph showing how light intensity affects rate of photosynthesis, you need to measure the light intensity at the plant using…

A

a light meter

158
Q

The square of the distance from the lamp and the light intensity are inversely proportional to each other. this means…

A

as the distance increases, the light intensity decreases

159
Q

The light intensity decreases in proportion to the ______ of the distance

A

square

160
Q

The square of the distance from the lamp and light intensity being inversely proportional is called the…

A

inverse square law

161
Q

Light intensity ∝ 1 / d2 is the equation for…

A

the inverse square law

162
Q

The inverse square law means that if you halve the distance, the light intensity will…

A

Be four times greater / double

163
Q

The inverse square law means that if you double the distance, the light intensity will…

A

Halve/be fall times smaller

164
Q

You can use 1/d2 as a measure of…

A

light intensity

165
Q

Too little carbon dioxide speeds up/slows down photosynthesis

A

slows down

166
Q

CO2 is one of the ___ materials needed for photosynthesis

A

raw

167
Q

As with light intensity, increasing the CO2 concentration does what to the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Increases it up to a point

168
Q

After a point, a graph showing how CO2 concentration affects the rate of photosynthesis will…

A

flatten out

169
Q

What does the graph showing how increasing CO2 concentration affects the rate of photosynthesis flattening out show?

A

That the CO2 is no longer the limiting factor

170
Q

In terms of the rate of photosynthesis, as long as CO2 is in plentiful supply then…

A

light or temperature is the factor limiting photosynthesis

171
Q

Canadian pondweed can be used to measure the effect of what on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light intensity

172
Q

When investigating the rate of photosynthesis, the rate at which the pondweed produces oxygen corresponds to the rate at which…

A

it’s photosynthesising

173
Q

The faster the rate of oxygen production, the faster/slower the rate of photosynthesis

A

Faster

174
Q

When investigating how changing light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis, the gas syringe should be full/empty to start with

A

empty

175
Q

Sodium hydrogencarbonate may be added to the water to…

A

make sur ethe plant has enough carbon dioxide

176
Q

Why would sodium hydrocarbonate be added to water to make sure the plant has enough carbon dioxide?

A

Soidum hydrocarbonate releases CO2 in the solution

177
Q

A source of _____ _____ is placed at a specific distance from the pondweed

A

white light

178
Q

The pondweed is left to _______________ for a set amount of time

A

photosynthesise

179
Q

True/False: This experiment can be modified to test the effect of temperature of carbon dioxide concentration

A

True

180
Q

What is important to remember when considering modifying this experiment to test the effect of temperature or carbon dioxide concentration?

A

To only change one variable at a time

181
Q

True/False: You must use Canadian pondweed when measuring the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis

A

False, you can also use algal balls instead of pondweed. These are little balls of jelly which contain algae

182
Q

What is another way of measuring how much oxygen is produced in this experiment?

A

By counting the number of bubbles given off in a certain time - but this is less accurate

183
Q

What would be the drawback of counting the number of bubbles given off in a certain time to measure how much oxygen is produced?

A

It would be less accurate

184
Q

After is photosynthesises, the oxygen released will collect in the…

A

gas syringe

185
Q

The oxygen collecting in the gas syringe allows you to…

A

accurately measure the volume of oxygen produced

186
Q

When this experiment is finished, it is repeated with…

A

the light source at different distances from the pondweed

187
Q

How can the rate of oxygen production at each distance be calculated?

A

Volume produced / time taken

188
Q

For this experiment, any variables that could affect the results should be…

A

controlled

189
Q

How would you control the temperature in this experiment?

A

By putting the conical flask in a water bath

190
Q

How would you control the carbon dioxide concentration in this experiment?

A

By adding a set amount of sodium hydrogencarbonate to a set volume of water

191
Q

You can compare the rate of photosynthesis at different light intensities by comparing the…

A

rate of oxygen production

192
Q

Increasing light intensity increases/decreases the rate of oxygen production

A

increases, but only until temperatore or CO2 become the limiting factor instead

193
Q

Flowering plants have how many types of transport vessel?

A

Two

194
Q

What are the two types of transport vessels in flowering plants?

A

Xylem and phloem

195
Q

True/False: Both xylem and phloem go to every part of the plant

A

True

196
Q

What do root hairs take in?

A

Minerals and water

197
Q

Tje cells on the surface of plant roots grow into “_____”

A

hairs

198
Q

Where do the cells on the surface of plant roots which grow into “hairs” stick out?

A

Into the soil

199
Q

Each branch of a root will be covered in millions of microscopic _____

A

hairs

200
Q

What do the microscopic hairs on branches of a root give the plant?

A

A large surface area

201
Q

How is a plant having a large surface area beneficial?

A

For absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil

202
Q

The concentration of mineral ions is usually higher/lower in the root hair cells than in the soil around them

A

higher

203
Q

By what process are mineral ions absorbed in root hair cells?

A

Active transport

204
Q

Why are mineral ions absorbed from soil to root hair cells by active transport?

A

The concentration of mineral ions is usually higher in the root hair cells than the souil around them

205
Q

By what process to root hair cells absort water?

A

Osmosis

206
Q

Phloem tubes transport

A

Food

207
Q

Phloem tubes are made of columns of…

A

elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls

208
Q

What do the columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls of phleom tubes do?

A

Allow stuff to flow through

209
Q

What do phloem tubes do?

A

Transport food substances made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use

210
Q

Phloem tubes transport food substances (mainly _______)

A

sucrose

211
Q

Phloem tubes

A

GCSE Combined Biology (Edexcel) (9 decks)

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