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Biology GCSE > Topic 8 - Exchange and Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Exchange and Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What do organisms exchange substances with?

A

The environment

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2
Q

What do organisms exchange with the environment?

A

Substances

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3
Q

What substances do organisms need to exchange with the environment?

A

Oxygen
Water
Urea
Carbon Dioxide

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4
Q

What do organisms need oxygen for?

A

Aerobic respiration

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5
Q

How does oxygen move in organisms?

A

By diffusion

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6
Q

What does water have in it, in organisms?

A

Food molecules and mineral ions

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7
Q

What is water used for in organisms?

A

Provide structure to the blood

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8
Q

What happens to urea in organisms?

A

Diffuses from cells to the blood plasma for removal from the body by the kidneys

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9
Q

What does an organisms ability to exchange substances depend on?

A

It’s surface area to volume ratio

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10
Q

What is the surface area to volume ratio?

A

SA:V = Surface Area / Volume

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11
Q

What do substances diffuse over in single-celled organisms?

A

The cell membrane

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12
Q

Why don’t single-celled organisms need exchange surfaces?

A

Because they have a large SA:V so enough substances can be exchanged across the membrane to supply the volume of the cell

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13
Q

Multicellular organisms have a ______ surace area compared to their volume

A

Multicellular organisms have a smaller surace area compared to their volume

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14
Q

How have multicellular organisms evolved to exchange substances efficiency?

A

By having exchange surfaces/mass transport systems which allows enough substances to be exchanged to supply their entire volume across their outside surface alone

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15
Q

A bacterial cell can be represented by a 1 μm x 1 μm x 4 μm block.
Calculate the cell’s surface area to volume ratio
Give your ratio in its simplest whole number form

A 
SA : V = Surface Area / Volume
SA : V = (1x1)+(1x1)+4(4+1) / 1x1x4
SA : V = 18 / 4
SA : V = 18 : 4
SA : V =  9 : 2
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16
Q

What does the rate of diffusion depend on?

A

Distance
Concentration Difference
Surface Area

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17
Q

How does distance affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The further the distance, the slower the rate of diffusion

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18
Q

Why does distance affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The closer, the less distance the particles have to move

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19
Q

Why does concentration difference affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The more particles on one side, there more particles to get from one side to the other

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20
Q

Why does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The more area there is available for molecules to move across

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21
Q

What is the job of the lungs?

A

Transfer oxygen into the blood

Remove Carbon Dioxide from the blood

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22
Q

How are alveoli specialised?

A

Moist lining
Good blood supply
Very thin walls
Enormous surface area

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23
Q

What is fick’s law

A

Rate of Diffusion ∝ (Surface Area x Concentration Difference) / Thickness of membrane

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24
Q

If the surface area is doubled, what happens to the rate of diffusion?

A

The rate of diffusion doubles

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25
Q

If the thickness of membrane is halved, what happens to the rate of diffusion?

A

The rate of diffusion increases by double

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26
Q

Give one way in which the alveoli are adapted for gas exchange

A 
Any one from:
Moist lining
Good blood supply
Very thin walls
Enormous surface area
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27
Q

What carrys blood?

A

Red blood cells (plasma aswell)

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28
Q

What are red blood cells also called?

A

Erythrocytes

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29
Q

How are red blood cells adapted?

A

Biconcave disc
No nucleus
Contain haemoglobin

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30
Q

What colour is haemoglobin?

A

Red

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31
Q

Compare the amount of red blood cells a regular human may have to a human who lives in high altitude conditions?

A

A high altitude living human will have more red blood cells so they can get more oxygen to the cells

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32
Q

What defends againt infection?

A

White blood cells

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33
Q

What cell undergoes phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes

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34
Q

How do phagocytes defend against infection?

A

Undergoes phagocytosis which changes the shape of the cell to engulf microorganisms

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35
Q

How do lymphocytes defend against infection?

A

By producing and releasing antibodies and antitoxins

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36
Q

What is a potential sign of an infection?

A

High amounts of white blood cells in the blood

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37
Q

What helps the blood clot?

A

Platelets

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38
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells with no nucleus

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39
Q

What is the point of clotting?

A

Stops blood loss

Stops infection

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40
Q

What colour is plasma?

A

Straw-coloured liquid

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40
Q

What colour is plasma?

A

Straw-coloured liquid

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41
Q

What is carried in plasma?

A 
Red, white blood cells and platelets
Carbon Dioxide
Hormones
Urea
Proteins
Antibodies and antitoxins
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42
Q

Describe the purpose of platelets in blood?

A

Help the blood clot

Stopping infection and blood loss

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43
Q

Outline three ways in which red blood cells are adapted to carry oxygen?

A

No nucleus
Biconcave disc (large surface area)
Contain haemoglobin which combines with oxygen

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44
Q

What are arteries?

A

Vessels that carry blood from the heart

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45
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Vessels that are involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

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46
Q

What are veins?

A

Vessels that carry blood to the heart

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47
Q

What vessels take the blood to the heart?

A

Veins

48
Q

What vessels take blood from the heart?

A

Arteries

49
Q

Describe the arteries?

A

Strong, thick and elastic walls
The walls are surrounded by elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back
High pressure

50
Q

What do arteries branch into?

A

Capillaries

51
Q

Why are capillaries very narrow?

A

So they can squeeze into gaps so they can get really close to the cell to increase the rate of diffusion

52
Q

What type of walls do capillaries have?

A

Permeable walls

53
Q

How thin are capillaries?

A

One cell thick

54
Q

What do capillaries eventually join up to?

A

Veins

55
Q

Describe the veins?

A

Low pressure
Thinner than arteries
Bigger lumen than arteries
Valves

56
Q

Describe the type of walls in veins?

A

Elastic fibres and smooth muscle

57
Q

What do veins have that arteries don’t?

A

Valves

58
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

To stop blood flowing backwards

59
Q

Explain how veins are adapted to carry blood back to the heart?

A

Big lumen to help the blood flow despite the low pressure

Valves to keep the blood flowing in the right direction

60
Q

Explain the advantage of capillary walls being only one cell thick?

A

It increases the rate of diffusion of substances across them between the blood and cells

61
Q

What does a double circulatory system mean?

A

The heart pumps blood around the body in two circuits

62
Q

Where does the right atrium recieve its blood from?

A

The body

63
Q

What and where here does the blood from the body come through?

A

Deoxygenated blood

Vena Cava

64
Q

Where and how does the blood from the left ventricle go to?

A

The rest of the body

Aorta

65
Q

Which wall is thicker out of the two sides of the heart?

A

The left ventricle is much thicker

66
Q

Why is the left ventricle thicker?

A

Because it pushes blood around the whole body at high pressure meaning it needs more muscles to maintain this pressure

67
Q

Why does the heart have valves?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood in the heart

68
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CO = HR x SV
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
cm³/min = b/min x cm³

69
Q

What is the heart rate?

A

The number of beats per minute

70
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle each time it contracts

71
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

The total volume of blood pumped by a ventricle every minute

72
Q

What is the heart rate of a person with an average stroke volume of 72 cm³ and a cardiac output of 5420 cm³/min?

A 
CO = HR x SV
HR = CO / SV
HR = 5420 / 72
HR = 75 bpm
73
Q

Calculate the stroke volume for a heart rate of 67 bpm and a cardiac output of 4221 cm³/min?

A 
CO = HR x SV
CO = 67 x 4221
CO = 4221 / 67
CO = 63 cm³
74
Q

What does cellular respiration release?

A

Energy

75
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of transferring energy from the breakdown of organic compounds (glucose)

76
Q

What type of reaction is respiration?

A

Exothermic

77
Q

Give the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic

Anaerobic

78
Q

What is the energy released by respiration used for?

A

Metabolic processes
Contracting muscles
Maintaining a steady body temperature

79
Q

What does aerobic respiration need?

A

Oxygen

80
Q

What is the aerobic respiration equation?

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water

C6H1206 + 602 -> 6C02 + 6H20

81
Q

When does the body do anaerobic respiration the most?

A

During vigorous exercise as the body won’t be able to supply enough oxygen to the muscles

82
Q

Compare the energy of aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration releases much more energy than anaerobic

83
Q

What happens to the lactic acid in the body?

A

It builds up in the muscles and gets painful as it leads to cramp

84
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose -> Lactic Acid

85
Q

What do plants produce during anaerobic respiration?

A

Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

86
Q

Other than plants, what organisms have different products when anaerobically respiring?

A

Fungi (eg. Yeast)

87
Q

After five minutes of intense sprinting, a student got cramp in his leg
Explain what caused this

A

The leg muscles didn’t get enough oxygen during the sprint, so began to use anaerobic respiration
This would cause the production of lactic acid
The build up of lactic acid leads to cramp

88
Q

What apparatus do you use to measure the rate of respiration?

A

Respirometer

89
Q

How could you measure the rate of respiration?

A

Measure the oxygen consumed by organisms in a given time

90
Q

When investigating respiration, why are soda lime granules added?

A

To absorb the carbon dioxide produced so there will be a gas change

91
Q

When investigating respiration, what is the control?

A

Glass beads of the same mass as the woodlice are used in the control tube

92
Q

When investigating respiration, what temperature is set?

A

15*C

93
Q

When investigating respiration, what will happen to the volume of gas in the tube?

A

It will decrease as the oxygen is being used up by the woodlice whilst the carbon dioxide produced is absorbed by the soda lime granules

94
Q

When investigating respiration, what is the independent variable?

A

The temperature of the water bath

95
Q

When investigating respiration, what is the dependent variable?

A

The rate of respiration

96
Q

What are the problems associated with using live animals in experiments?

A

Ethics

97
Q

A student is carrying out an experiment to measure the effect of temperature
What could the student use as her control?

A

A test tube with an object that doesn’t respire with equal mass to the peas

98
Q

A student is carrying out an experiment to measure the effect of temperature
What could she use to keep the beans at different temperatures?

A

A series of water baths

99
Q

Name three substances that animals have to exchange with their environment

A

Water
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide

100
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need mass transport systems

A

Because their SA:V is too small to efficiently match the substances that the cells require fast enough to survive

101
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need specialised exchange surfaces?

A

Because most cells are too deep for the required particles to diffuse into

102
Q

Where does gas exchange take place within the lungs?

A

The alveoli

103
Q

Explain the movement of oxygen between the alveoli and the blood

A

Higher concentration in the alveoli than the blood, meaning the oxygen goes down the gradient causing the oxygen to diffuse into the blood

104
Q

Describe the shape of an erythrocyte

A

Biconcave

105
Q

What is the name of the red pigment in red blood cells?

A

Haemoglobin

106
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

To fight infection

107
Q

What would happen to the body if there was no platelet?

A

Massive loss of blood

Massive amounts of infection

108
Q

List four different substances that can be carried in the plasma

A 
Any four from:
Red, white blood cells and platelets
Carbon Dioxide
Hormones
Urea
Proteins
Antibodies and antitoxins
109
Q

How are arteries adapted for carrrying blood at high pressure?

A

Elastic fibres and smooth muscle allow it to stretch to endure the high pressure
The lumen is narrow to increase the blood pressure

110
Q

Write the name of the blood vessel that carries blood into the right atrium

A

Vena Cava

111
Q

Write the name of the blood vessel that carries blood into the lungs

A

Pulmonary Artery

112
Q

Write the name of the blood vessel that carries blood into the left atrium

A

Pulmonary vein

113
Q

Name the valves located in the heart

A

Tricuspid
Bicuspid
Semi-lunar

114
Q

What is the equation for heart rate?

A

HR = B / T

115
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = SV x HR

116
Q

How would you calculate the heart rate, given you have the cardiac output and stroke volume?

A

HR = CO / SV

117
Q

What is the purpose of respiration?

A

Release of energy to be used on life processes

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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