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Biology GCSE > Topic 6 - Plant Structures and Their Functions > Flashcards

Topic 6 - Plant Structures and Their Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

Plants are able to make their own food by ______________

A

Plants are able to make their own food by photosynthesis

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2
Q

What organisms photosynthesise?

A

Green plants and algae

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3
Q

What is the glucose produced from photosynthesis used for?

A

To make larger, complex molecules that the plants or algae need to grow which make up the organisms biomass

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4
Q

Define biomass

A

The mass of living material

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5
Q

What happens to the animals biomass?

A

It travels its way through the food chain

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6
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplasts

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7
Q

State the equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen

6C02 + 6H20 -> C6H1206 + 602

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8
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic

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9
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light Intensity
Concentration of CO2
Temperature

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10
Q

When investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis, what type of plant do you use?

A

A canadian pond weed

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11
Q

When investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis, what corresponds to the rate of photosynthesis?

A

The rate of oxygen production

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12
Q

When investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis, what type of light is used?

A

White light

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13
Q

When investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis, where does the oxygen produced go?

A

Up to the gas syringe

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14
Q

When investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis, what is the independent variable?

A

The distance of the light from the pondweed

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15
Q

When investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis, what is the dependent variable?

A

The rate of oxygen production

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16
Q

When investigating the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis, what are examples of control variables?

A

Temperature

Carbon dioxide concentration

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17
Q

Explain how photosynthesis contributes to a plant’s biomass?

A

Photosynthesis produces glucose which is used to make larger, complex molecules that make up the mass of the plant’s living material (the plants biomass)

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18
Q

State three limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

Temperature
Carbon Dioxide concentration
Light Intensity

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19
Q

Why is light needed for photosynthesis?

A

Because it transfers the energy needed

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20
Q

Describe the relationship between light intensity and photosynthesis

A

As the light level is raised, the rate of photosynthesis increases up to a point where there is another limiting factor

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21
Q

How do you calculate the light intensity?

A

Light intensity ∝ 1 / Distance²

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22
Q

What does the inverse square law tell you?

A

Where if you halve the distance, the light intensity will be four times greater

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23
Q

Describe the relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and photosynthesis

A

As the amount of carbon dioxide is raised, the rate of photosynthesis increases up to a point where there is another limiting factor

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24
Q

Describe the relationship between temperature and photosynthesis

A

As the temperature is raised, the rate of photosynthesis increases up to a point where the enzyme begins to denature and the reaction will slow down and eventually stop if the temperature continues to increase

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25
Q

Why are high temperatures needed for photosynthesis?

A

Because the enzymes involved need around 45*c to be working at its optimum

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26
Q

Root hairs take in _______ and ____

A

Root hairs take in minerals and water

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27
Q

What is useful about the surface of plants root?

A

It is covered in millions of hairs which increase the surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil

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28
Q

True or False? The mineral ions are usually higher in the root hair cells than in the soil?

A

True

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29
Q

What process takes in mineral ions into the root hair cell?

A

Active Transport

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30
Q

What tube transports food?

A

Phloem

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31
Q

What are phloem tubes made of?

A

Elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow stuff to flow through

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32
Q

What do phloem tubes mainly transport?

A

Food substances (mainly sucrose) made in the leaves to the rest of the plant

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33
Q

What happens to the food substances after it has been moved?

A

Used immediately or for storage

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34
Q

What process is involved with the phloem tubes?

A

Translocation

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35
Q

Do phloem tubes require energy?

A

Yes

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36
Q

In what directions do phloem tubes go?

A

Both

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37
Q

What tubes transport water?

A

Xylem

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38
Q

What are xylem tubes made of?

A

Dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and a hole down the middle

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39
Q

What are xylem tubes strengthened with?

A

A material called lignin

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40
Q

What do xylem tubes carry?

A

Water

Mineral Ions

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41
Q

Where do xylem tubes carry stuff to?

A

To the stem and leaves

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42
Q

What process is involved with the xylem tubes?

A

Transpiration

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43
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from a plant?

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44
Q

Transpiration is the loss of _____ from the plant

A

Transpiration is the loss of water from the plant

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45
Q

What causes transpiration?

A

Evapouration and diffusion

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46
Q

Where does most transpiration happen?

A

At the leaves

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47
Q

What does the loss of water cause?

A

A shortage of water which causes a increase in water being drawn up from the bottom of the plant

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48
Q

What is also carried along the transpiration stream?

A

Mineral ions

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49
Q

Explain how water moves through a plant in the transpiration stream

A

Water is lost from a plant’s leaves by diffusion and evapouration. This creates a slight shortage of water in the leaves, so more water is drawn up through the xylem vessels to replace it. This in turn means there’s more water drawn up from the roots, so there’s a constant transpiration stream through the plant

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50
Q

What are stomata?

A

Tiny pores on the surface of a plant

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51
Q

Where are stomata mostly found?

A

On the lower surface of leaves

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52
Q

What do stomat allow to diffuse in or out of a leaf?

A

Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Water Vapour

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53
Q

What are stomata surrounded by?

A

Guard cells

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54
Q

What do guard cells do?

A

Change shape to control the size of the pore (stomata)

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55
Q

What happens to the stomata when the guard cells are turgid?

A

The stomata is open

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56
Q

What happens to the stomata when guard cells are flaccid?

A

The stomata is closed

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57
Q

State the factors that affect transpiration rate

A

Light Intensity
Temperature
Air Flow

58
Q

How does light intensity affect environmental factors?

A

Stomata begin to close as it gets darker as photosynthesis can’t happen in the dark

59
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration rate?

A

The warmer it is, the faster the transpiration happens as the particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata

60
Q

How does air flow affect transpiration rate?

A

The better the air flow, the faster the area is cleared of water particles meaning the area has an area of lower concentration which means the greater the transpiration rate

61
Q

How do you estimate the transpiration rate?

A

By using a potometer to estimate transpiration rate

62
Q

What equipment is used to measure transpiration rate?

A

A potometer

63
Q

What does a potometer do?

A

Measures the water uptake by a plant

64
Q

What is the equation for transpiration rate?

A

Distance moved / Time taken

65
Q

A potometer was used to estimate the transpiration rate of a plant cutting
The bubble moved 25mm in 10 minutes
Estimate the transpiration rate

A

= Distance moved / Time taken
= 25 / 10
= 2.5 mm min^-1

66
Q

Explain how low light intensity affects the rate of water uptake by a plant?

A

In low light conditions the stomata will close, as photosynthesis requires light which means it would be a waste to keep the stomata open if there is no light
This means that very little water can escape, so the rate of water uptake by the plant decreases

67
Q

What are leaves adapted for?

A

Photosynthesis and gas exchange

68
Q

What is good about a leaf being broad?

A

There will be a larger sa exposed to light

69
Q

What is good about a leaf having alot of chloroplasts in the palisade layer?

A

This means that they’re near the top of the leaf where they can get the most light

70
Q

What is good about the upper epidermis of the leaf being transparent?

A

So the light can pass through it to the palisade layer

71
Q

What is good about a leaf having xylem and phloem tubes?

A

They provide the leaf with water for photosynthesis and take away the glucose produced
They also help support the structure

72
Q

What is good about a leaf having a waxy cuticle?

A

It helps reduce water loss by evaporation

73
Q

How are the tissues of leaves adapated for gas exchange?

A

The lower epidermis has lots of stomata

The spongy mesophyll tissue contains air spaces which increases the rate of diffusion

74
Q

Give an example of a plant adapted to live in extreme environment

A

A cacti

75
Q

Why do extreme plants have small leaves and spines instead of leaves?

A

To reduce the surface area for water loss

And to stop animals eating the plant

76
Q

Why do extreme plants have curled leaves?

A

To reduce air flow close to the leaf trapping water vapour near the surface and reducing diffusion

77
Q

Why do extreme plants have thick waxy cuticle?

A

To reduce water loss by evapouration

78
Q

Why do extreme plants have a thick fleshy stem?

A

To store water

79
Q

Why do extreme plants have fewer stomata?

A

To reduce water loss

80
Q

Why do extreme plants have stomata sunken in pits?

A

Makes them lower than the surface which reduces the air flow close to the stomata

81
Q

Give three reasons why cacti have spines instead of leaves?

A

To reduce surface area - to reduce water loss
Prevent eating of the plant by animals
To reduce air flow - to reduce water loss from evapouration

82
Q

What are auxins?

A

Plant hormones which control growth at the tips of shoots and roots

83
Q

Auxin move through the plant in ________

A

Auxin move through the plant in solution

84
Q

Where do auxins promote growth?

A

In the shoot

85
Q

Where do auxins inhibit growth?

A

In the root

86
Q

What is phototropism?

A

The plants response to light

87
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

The plants reponse to gravity

88
Q

What do auxins change?

A

The direction of root and shoot growth

89
Q

Shoots are __________ phototropic

A

Shoots are positively phototropic

90
Q

What happens when a shoot is exposed to light?

A

It grows towards it
As when exposed to light it accumulates more auxin on the side that’s in the shade than the side thats in the light which makes the cells grow faster on the shaded side so the shoot bends towards the light

91
Q

Whats the point of the shoot growing towards the light?

A

So it can absorb more light for photosynthesis

92
Q

Shoots are __________ phototropic

A

Shoots are negatively phototropic

93
Q

What happens when a shoot is exposed to gravity?

A

It grows away from gravity

As more auxins on the lower side

94
Q

Roots are __________ gravitropic

A

Roots are positively gravitropica

95
Q

What happens when a root is exposed to gravity?

A

It grows towards gravity

As the auxins collect on the lower which causes the top to grow faster

96
Q

Roots are __________ phototropic

A

Roots are negatively phototropic

97
Q

What happens when a root is exposed to light?

A

It grows away from it

As the root begins to accumulate auxins on the shaded side which inhibits cell elongation on the shaded side

98
Q

Which direction do roots always grow?

A

Downwards

99
Q

Which direction do shoots always grow?

A

Upwards

100
Q

Name a part of a plant that is positively gravitropic

A

The roots

101
Q

Plant hormones have many _________ uses

A

Plant hormones have many commercial uses

102
Q

Give examples of plant hormones being used

A 
Weedkillers
Growing from cuttings
Controlling fruit formation
Producing seedless fruit
Controlling the ripening of fruits
Controlling seed germination
103
Q

What hormone is used for weedkillers?

A

Auxins from broad-leaved plants

104
Q

How do weedkillers work?

A

Broad-leaved auxins totally distrup the growth patterns for broad-leaved plants only

105
Q

What hormone is used for the growing from cuttings?

A

Rooting powder (auxins)

106
Q

How do growing from cuttings work?

A

The auxins cause root production which start growing as new plants

107
Q

What hormone is used for the control of flower and fruit formation?

A

Gibberellins

108
Q

How does controlling flower and fruit formation work

A

By letting the plant germinate faster than usual and under conditions in which they wouldn’t usually flower

109
Q

What hormone is used in producing seedless fruit?

A

Gibberellins

110
Q

How does producing seedless fruit work?

A

The gibberellins grow the fruit but not the seeds

111
Q

What hormone is used in controlling the ripening of fruits?

A

Ethene

112
Q

What is the advantage of controlling the ripening of fruits?

A

Allows the fruit to be picked while it’s still unripe

113
Q

What hormone is used in controlling seed germination?

A

Gibberellins

114
Q

How does controlling seed germination work?

A

By reducing the required conditions the seeds need when germinating

115
Q

Why could it be good to control seed germination?

A

You can grow seeds at all times of the year and make sure all the seeds in a batch germinate at the same time

116
Q

State one way in which gibberellins can be used commercially?

A

Used to control flower/fruit formation
Used to produce seedless fruits
Used to control seed germination

117
Q

In what part of a cell does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplasts

118
Q

Apart from water vapour, what gas is needed for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide

119
Q

Name the two products of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen and Glucose

120
Q

Why is photosynthesis described as an endothermic reaction?

A

Because it takes in the suns energy for the reaction

121
Q

What effect would a low carbon dioxide concentration have on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

The rate of photosynthesis would be lower

122
Q

What effect would a temperature above 45*c usually have on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Decrease the rate of reaction as that is the point at which the enzymes denature

123
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to their function?

A

By having a large surface area to increase the rate of absorption

124
Q

By what process do phloem tubes transport sucrose around a plant?

A

Translocation

125
Q

Describe the structure of xylem vessels?

A

Dead cells joined end to end with no end walls

Strengthened by lignin

126
Q

What are stomata?

A

Tiny pores on the surface of the plants

127
Q

What is the role of stomata in transpiration?

A

The way water is lost

128
Q

Give three factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A

Air Flow
Temperature
Light Intensity

129
Q

Describe how you’d use a potometer to estimate the rate of transpiration

A

Calculate the distance moved and divide by the time

130
Q

Give three way in which a typical leaf is adapted to absorb the maximum amount of light for photosynthesis

A

Broad - Large surface area for light
Transparent top layer - Ensure light can reach the chloroplasts
Chloroplasts packed at top palisade layer - Maximise the efficiency as the top has the highest light level

131
Q

Give two ways in which a leaf is adapted for efficient gas exchange

A

Air gaps in leaf to increase rate of diffusion

The lower epidermis has lots of stomata

132
Q

How do curled leaves help a plant living in dry conditions

A

Reduces air flow which reduces the transpiration rate

133
Q

What are auxins

A

Growth hormones found in plants

134
Q

What does positively phototropic mean?

A

Grows towards light

135
Q

Roots are positively gravitropic

Explain the role of auxins in this response

A

Auxins accumulate at bottom of root

Grow faster at bottom, causes root to grow downwards

136
Q

Explain how selective weedkillers work

A

Auxins mess with growth patterns of broad-leaved plants

137
Q

List three things that gibberellins stimulate in plants

A

Seed germination
Root and shoot elongation
Flowering, and fruit patterning

138
Q

Describe a commercial use of the plant hormone ethene

A

Can use to ripen the fruit as soon as it arrives to the store meaning it can be picked unripe

139
Q

Describe a commercial use of the plant hormone ethene

A

Can use to ripen the fruit as soon as it arrives to the store meaning it can be picked unripe

140
Q

Give the layers of the leaf

A

Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermis

141
Q

How do you remember the pallisade mesophyll layer?

A

Pallisade = fence

Fences are closely packed together

142
Q

How do you remember the spongy mesophyll?

A

Sponge has holes in it, air gaps

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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