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Biology GCSE > Topic 2 - Cells and control > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells and control Flashcards

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1
Q

What does mitosis produce

A

Two genetically identical cells

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2
Q

What do organisms use mitosis for?

A

Growth and repair

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3
Q

What happens during interphase

A

The cell grows and the subcellular structures increase

The DNA is duplicated and formed X shaped chromosomes

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4
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane breaks

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5
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell

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6
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres pull the chromosomes apart and pull the chromotids to opposite ends of the cell

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7
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Membranes form around the chromosomes

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8
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divides to form separate cells

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9
Q

How do you calculate the number of cells made?

A

2^n

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10
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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11
Q

How do plants grow that animals cant?

A

Cell elongation

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12
Q

What is cell elongation?

A

Where a PLANT CELL expands, making the cell bigger and so making the plant grow

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13
Q

For adult animals, what is mitosis mostly used for?

A

Repair and replacement

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14
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled mass cell division

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15
Q

Where is the rate at which cells divide located?

A

The genes

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16
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A mass of abnormal cells

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17
Q

How do you read a percentile chart?

A

Plot a line to the data and read the percentages

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18
Q

Name a process thats used for growth in plants but not in animals?

A

Cell elongation

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19
Q

How does a plant grow through cell elongation?

A

Elongation allows a cell to expand so the cells get bigger and the plant grows

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20
Q

What can stem cells do?

A

Differenetiate into different types of cells

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21
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called?

A

Stem cells

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22
Q

How do stem cells divide?

A

Mitosis

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23
Q

What can embryonic stem cells produce?

A

Any type of cell

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24
Q

What are adult stem cells used for?

A

Replacement of damaged cells

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25
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

Meristems

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26
Q

Where are meristems found?

A

Areas of a plant that are growing (roots and shoots)

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27
Q

What are the risks of using stem cells?

A

Disease transmission
Rejection
Tumour development

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28
Q

Why is tumour development a risk for stem cells?

A

Because stem cells divide very quickly therefore if left uncontrolled a tumour may develop

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29
Q

Why is virus transmission a risk with stem cells?

A

As viruses live in cells, if donor cells are infected the virus can be passed on

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30
Q

Why is rejection a risk with stem cells?

A

If the cells aren’t recognised by the body and are percieved as foreign an immune response may be triggered

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31
Q

What are the benefits of stem cells in medicine?

A

Can be used to replace tissues damaged by disease or injury

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32
Q

If the tip is cut off plant shoot, the tip can be used to grow a whole new plant
Explain why?

A

The shoot contains meristem which when planted will mass divide and differentiate into specialised cells that are required for growth

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33
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A long column of neurones that run from the base of the brain down the spine

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34
Q

What is the cerebrum in charge of?

A

Movement, vision, language, memory and intelligence

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35
Q

What is the cerebellum in charge of?

A

Balance and muscle coordination

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36
Q

What is the medulla oblongata in charge of?

A

Unconscious activities (eg. Breathing and heart rate)

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37
Q

How do CT scans work?

A

X-rays are used to produce an image of the brain

38
Q

What do CT scans show?

A

The main strucutres in the brain

39
Q

How can a CT scan be used to show a fuction?

A

If an area of the brain is damaged and a fuction is lacking the function can be tied to that area

40
Q

How do PET scans work?

A

Radioactive chemicals are used to show which parts of the brain are active

41
Q

What do PEt scans show

A

Real time video of the structure and function of the brain

42
Q

Explain how the difficulties of accessing brain tissue
inside the skull can be overcome by using CT scanning
and PET scanning to investigate brain function

A

Instead of having to ‘go in and look’ you can instead use technology to visualise the inside

43
Q

Why is treating problems in the CNS hard?

A

It is hard to repair
It can be hard to access
Treatment can lead to permanent damage

44
Q

Why is it hard to repair damage in the CNS?

A

The CNS doesn’t readily repair themselves and scientists haven’t developed a way to repair it

45
Q

What is the stages to a nervous response?

A

Stimulus -> Receptor -> Sensory Neurone -> CNS -> Motor Neurone -> Effector -> Response

46
Q

What is the reaction time?

A

The time it takes you to respond to a stimulus

47
Q

What do all neurones have?

A

A cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm

48
Q

What do dendrites and dendrons do?

A

Carry nerve impulses towards the cell body

49
Q

What do axons do?

A

Cary never impulses away from the cell body

50
Q

What are some axons surrounded by?

A

Myelin sheath

51
Q

What is the function of a myelin sheath?

A

An electrical insulator which speeds up the electrical impulse

52
Q

Why are longer neurones fastest?

A

There is less time wasted in synapses

53
Q

State the three types of neurones?

A

Sensory
Motor
Relay

54
Q

Describe a sensory neurone?

A

One long dendron from receptor cells

One short axon

55
Q

Describe a motor neurone?

A

Many short dendrites from the CNS

One long axon to effector cells

55
Q

Describe a motor neurone?

A

Many short dendrites

56
Q

Describe a relay neurone?

A

Short dendrites from sensory neurones to the cell body

Axon that carries impulses to motor neurones

57
Q

Describe the structure and function of a sensory neurone?

A

A sensory neurone has one long dendron and one short axon with a cell body in the middle
The function is to carry impulses from receptor cells to the CNS

58
Q

What do synapses do?

A

Connect neurones

59
Q

How is the nerve signal transferrred between synapses?

A

Neurotransmitters

60
Q

How do neutrotransmitters work?

A

They diffuse across the gap

61
Q

Why do synapses slow down reaction times?

A

Because it takes time for the neurotransmitters to diffuse across the gap

62
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Automatic, rapid responses to stimuli

63
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The passage of information in a reflex

64
Q

What do the neurones in a reflex arc go through?

A

The spinal cord or an unconscious part of the brain

65
Q

Describe the path of a reflex arc?

A

Stimuli -> Sensory neurone -> Relay Neurone -> Motor Neurone -> Effector

66
Q

Why are reflex arcs faster than a normal response?

A

There is no time spent thinking about the response

67
Q

A chef touches a hot tray. A reflex reaction causes him to immediately move his hand away
Describe the pathway of the reflex arc from receptors to effector

A

Receptors -> Sensory Neurone -> Relay Neurone -> Motor Neurone -> Effector

68
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

It refracts the light into the eye

69
Q

What does the iris do?

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

70
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Refracts light focusing it on the retian

71
Q

What does the retina do?

A

Detects light by being covered in receptor cells

72
Q

What are the receptor cells?

A

Rods and cones

73
Q

What do rods do?

A

Sense light but no colour

74
Q

What do cones do?

A

Sense colours but not light

75
Q

Where does the information from the eye go to?

A

The brain along the optic nerve

76
Q

What happens when the eye looks at distant objects?

A

The ciliary muscle relaxes, which allows the suspensory ligaments to pull tight
The lens are pulled into a less rounded shape so light is reflected less

77
Q

What happens when the eye looks at close objects?

A

The ciliary muscle contracts, which allows the suspensory ligaments to slacken
The lens are becomes into a more rounded shape so light is reflected more

78
Q

What is long-sightedness?

A

When people are unable to focus on near objects

79
Q

When does long-sightedness occur?

A

When the lens doesnt bend the light enough or the eyeball is too short

80
Q

What lens fixes long-sightedness?

A

Convex

81
Q

What is short-sightedness?

A

When people are unable to focus on distant objects

82
Q

When does short-sightedness occur?

A

When the lens bends the light too much or the eyeball is too long

83
Q

What lens fixes short-sightedness?

A

Diverging

84
Q

What causes colour blindness?

A

Malfunctional cones

85
Q

Why is there no cure for colour blindness?

A

Cone cells cant be replaced

86
Q

What is a cataracts?

A

A cloudy patch on the lens

87
Q

Explain how a structural problem with the eye may cause a person to be long-sighted?

A

The lens could be the wrong shape so it doesn’t bend the light enough so an image is formed behind the retina or, the eyeball is too short so the image is formed behind the retina

88
Q

Describe how animals grow?

A

Through cell differentiation and divison

89
Q

Describe the role of neurotransmitters in the transmission of nervous impulses?

A

They are the molecules used by the nervous system to transmit messages between neurons

90
Q

Which part of the eye controls how much light is entering the pupil?

A

The iris

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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