Topic 5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines Flashcards
What is the health definiton from WHO?
A state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
What is a communicable diseases?
Diseases that can be spread between individuals
What is a noncommunicable disease?
A disease that can’t be transmitted between individuals
Give examples of pathogens?
Viruses, bacteria. fungi and protists
What type of pathogen is cholera?
Bacterium
What type of pathogen is tuberculosis?
Bacterium
What type of pathogen is Malaria?
Protist
What type of pathogen is Stomach Ulcers
Bacterium
What type of pathogen is Ebola?
Virus
What type of pathogen is chalara ash dieback?
Fungus
What are the symptoms of cholera?
Diarrhoea
What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?
Coughing and lung damage
What are the symptoms of malaria
Damage to red blood cells and liver
What are the symptoms of stomach ulcers
Stomach pain, nausea and vomitting
What are the symptoms of ebola/
Fever with bleeding
What are the symptoms of chalara ash dieback
Leaf loss and bark lesions
How does cholera spread?
Contaminated water sources
How does tuberculosis spread?
Through the air
How does malaria spread?
Mosquitoes (vectors)
How do stomach ulcers spread?
Oral transmission
How does ebol spread?
Bodily fluids
How does chalara ash dieback spread?
Carried through the air by the wind
How can tuberculosis be prevented?
Make infected people:
avoid public spaces
practise good hygiene
good ventilation
How can malaria be prevented?
Use of mosquito nets and insect repellent
How can chalara ash dieback be prevented?
Removing infected trees and replanting them
Restricting the import of movement of ash trees
Describe how the Ebola virus is spread and what can be done to prevent its spread?
It is spread through bodily liquids and it can be prevented by isolating infected individuals
Where can viruses reproduce?
Inside living cells
When does the life cycle of a virus start?
When it infects a new host cell
What is the lytic pathway?
Where the virus attaches itself to a host cell and injects its genetic material which uses proteins and enzymes in the cell to replicate its material
The viral components assemble and the host cell splits open
What is the lysogenic pathway?
The injected genetic material is incorporated into the genome of the cell therefore when the cell divides the genetic material gets replicated along with the host DNA, however, the virus is dormant and no new viruses are made
Eventually a trigger causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway
In the lytic pathway what does the virus use?
The proteins and enzymes
In the lysogenic pathway when does the genome replicate?
When the cell divides
Where does the genetic material go in the lysogenic pathway?
The host cells genome
Where does the genetic material go in the lytic pathway?
In the cytoplasm
What happens to the virus during the lysogenic pathway?
It remains dormant
When does lysogenic end?
A trigger
What is a trigger in the virus life cycle?
The presence of a chemical
How is chlamydia unique?
Although it is a bacterium it acts like a virus in which it can only reproduce inside host cells
What is chlamydia?
A bacterium
What can chlamydia result in?
Infertility
How can you reduce chlamydia spread?
Wearing condoms
Screening individuals
What does HIV kill?
White blood cells
What does HIV lead to opportunistic infections?
HIV kills white blood cells which can lead to AIDS in whicch the infected person’s immune system deterioates and eventually fails allowing opportunistic infections
How is HIV spread?
Via infected bodily fluids
How can you prevent HIV spread?
Wear condom
Avoid sharing needles
Medication can reduce the risk of an infected spreading it
Describe the lytic pathway in the life cycle of a virus?
The virus attaches to a specific host cell and injects its genetic material into the cell
It then uses enzymes/proteins in the host cell to replicate its genetic matrial and make components of new viruses
The viral components assemble and the cell splits open and releases them
What happens at the end of lytic pathway?
The host cell splits open releasing the new viruses which infect more cells
How do antibiotics work?
By inhibiting processes in bacterial cells but no in the host organism
How do most antibiotics only target bacterial cells?
They inhibit the building of bacterial cell walls
How does inhibiting the building of bacterial cell walls kill bacteria?
It prevents the bacteria from dividing and eventually kills them
Why is it important to be treated with the right antibiotic?
Because different antibiotics kill different types of bacteria
Explain why antibiotics can only be used to treat bacterial
infections?
Because they inhibit cell processes in the bacterium
but not the host organism and because viruses live inside host cells the antibiotics cant destroy the virus without killing the body’s cell
What is in the growth medium when culturing bacteria?
Carbs, minerals, proteins and vitamins
What growth medium can be used?
A nutrient broth solution or solid agar jelly
How can you make an agar plate?
Hot agar jelly is poured into petri dishes which is then cooled and set
Inoculating loops can be used to transfer microorganisms to the ager jelly
What is used to transfer microorganisms to the agar plate?
Inoculating loops
What temperatures are cultures kept at?
25*C
When investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth, what do you add?
Paper discs that are soaked in different types of antibiotics
When investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth, what is the inhibition zone?
An area where the bacteria have died
When investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth, what is the contro?
A paper disc that has not been soaked in an antibiotic
When investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth, why is the control done?
To be sure it is the anti-biotic killing the bacteria
The more effective the antibiotic, the _____ the inhibition zone
The more effective the antibiotic, the larger the inhibition zone
What aseptic techniques are used when investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth?
Sterilise the equipment using an autoclave
Heat equipment
Add lid
Store petri dish upside down
What does an autoclave do?
Uses steam at a high pressure and temperature to kill any microorganisms present
Why is equipment passed through a flame?
To kill any unwated microorganisms
Why must a lid be kept on liquid bacterial cultures?
To prevent microbes getting in from the air
Why is the petri dish stored upside down?
To stop drops of condensation falling onto the agar
What happens in the first stage of preclinical testing?
Drugs are tested on human cells in the lab
What must the tissues be during the first stage of preclinical testing?
Perfect samples for drugs (the systems the drugs affect)
What happens in the second stage of preclinical testing?
The drugs are used on live animals
What is the point of the second stage of preclinical testing?
To test that the drug works and to find out how toxic whilst finding the best dosage
What happens in the first stage of clinical testing?
The drug is tested on healthy volunteers
What is the point of the first stage of clinical testing?
To see that it doesnt have any harmful side effects when the body is working normally
What happens in the second stage of clinical testing?
The drug is given to those people with the illness
What is the point of the second stage of clinical testing?
To find the optimum dose
What is the optimum dose?
The dose of drug that is most effective and has the fewest side effects
What are blind trials?
Trials where the patient in the study doesn’t know whether they have got the placebo or the drug
What are double-blind trials?
Trials where not even the doctors know who has the placebo or drug
What is the BMI equation?
BMI = Mass / Height^2
How do you calculate the waist:hip ratio?
Waist circumference / Hip circumference
WHat is cholesterol?
A fatty subtance that the body needs to make things
What is cholesterol use to make?
Cell membranes
What happens if you have too much cholesterol?
Fatty deposits can build up in arteries restricting blood flow
Where do deposits occur?
In areas where the artery wall has been damaged
What can fatty deposits trigger?
Blood clots to form
What are the lifestyle changes for CVD?
Healthy and balanced diety
Excercise regularly
Lose weight
Stop smoking
What’s often reccomended first?
Lifestyle changes
Why are lifestyle changes recommended first?
They don’t have many downsides
What drugs are used to reduce the risk of CVD?
Statins
Anticoagulants
Antihypertensives
What do statins do?
Remove the amount of cholesterol in the blood stream
How do statins reduce the risk of CVD?
They slow down the rate at which fatty deposits form, reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes
What are the side effects of statins?
Aching muscles
What do anticoagulants do?
Make blood clots less likely to form?
What are the side effects of anticoagulants?
Excessive bleeding
What do antihypertensives do?
Reduce blood pressure
How do antihypertensives reduce the risk of CVD?
It reduces BP which helps to prevent damage to blood vessels which reduces the risk of fatty deposits forming
What are the side effects of antihypertensives?
Headaches and fainting
What surgical procedures are used to reduce CVD?
Stents
Coronary bypass surgery
Donor Heart
What are stents?
Tubes that are inserted inside arteries to keep the mopen
What are the disadvantages of stents?
Can irritate the artery and make scar tissue grow
Drugs also need to be taken
What is a coronary bypass surgery?
A healthy vessel replacing the blocked section
What are the risks of surgery?
Bleeding, clots and infection
What are the disadvantages of a donor heart?
Drugs have to be taken to prevent rejection
The donor does not always start pumping properly
