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Biology GCSE > Topic 5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the health definiton from WHO?

A

A state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

What is a communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that can be spread between individuals

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3
Q

What is a noncommunicable disease?

A

A disease that can’t be transmitted between individuals

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4
Q

Give examples of pathogens?

A

Viruses, bacteria. fungi and protists

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5
Q

What type of pathogen is cholera?

A

Bacterium

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6
Q

What type of pathogen is tuberculosis?

A

Bacterium

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7
Q

What type of pathogen is Malaria?

A

Protist

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8
Q

What type of pathogen is Stomach Ulcers

A

Bacterium

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9
Q

What type of pathogen is Ebola?

A

Virus

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10
Q

What type of pathogen is chalara ash dieback?

A

Fungus

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of cholera?

A

Diarrhoea

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?

A

Coughing and lung damage

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria

A

Damage to red blood cells and liver

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of stomach ulcers

A

Stomach pain, nausea and vomitting

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of ebola/

A

Fever with bleeding

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of chalara ash dieback

A

Leaf loss and bark lesions

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17
Q

How does cholera spread?

A

Contaminated water sources

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18
Q

How does tuberculosis spread?

A

Through the air

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19
Q

How does malaria spread?

A

Mosquitoes (vectors)

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20
Q

How do stomach ulcers spread?

A

Oral transmission

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21
Q

How does ebol spread?

A

Bodily fluids

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22
Q

How does chalara ash dieback spread?

A

Carried through the air by the wind

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23
Q

How can tuberculosis be prevented?

A

Make infected people:
avoid public spaces
practise good hygiene
good ventilation

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24
Q

How can malaria be prevented?

A

Use of mosquito nets and insect repellent

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25
Q

How can chalara ash dieback be prevented?

A

Removing infected trees and replanting them

Restricting the import of movement of ash trees

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26
Q

Describe how the Ebola virus is spread and what can be done to prevent its spread?

A

It is spread through bodily liquids and it can be prevented by isolating infected individuals

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27
Q

Where can viruses reproduce?

A

Inside living cells

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28
Q

When does the life cycle of a virus start?

A

When it infects a new host cell

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29
Q

What is the lytic pathway?

A

Where the virus attaches itself to a host cell and injects its genetic material which uses proteins and enzymes in the cell to replicate its material
The viral components assemble and the host cell splits open

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30
Q

What is the lysogenic pathway?

A

The injected genetic material is incorporated into the genome of the cell therefore when the cell divides the genetic material gets replicated along with the host DNA, however, the virus is dormant and no new viruses are made
Eventually a trigger causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway

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31
Q

In the lytic pathway what does the virus use?

A

The proteins and enzymes

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32
Q

In the lysogenic pathway when does the genome replicate?

A

When the cell divides

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33
Q

Where does the genetic material go in the lysogenic pathway?

A

The host cells genome

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34
Q

Where does the genetic material go in the lytic pathway?

A

In the cytoplasm

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35
Q

What happens to the virus during the lysogenic pathway?

A

It remains dormant

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36
Q

When does lysogenic end?

A

A trigger

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37
Q

What is a trigger in the virus life cycle?

A

The presence of a chemical

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38
Q

How is chlamydia unique?

A

Although it is a bacterium it acts like a virus in which it can only reproduce inside host cells

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39
Q

What is chlamydia?

A

A bacterium

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40
Q

What can chlamydia result in?

A

Infertility

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41
Q

How can you reduce chlamydia spread?

A

Wearing condoms

Screening individuals

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42
Q

What does HIV kill?

A

White blood cells

43
Q

What does HIV lead to opportunistic infections?

A

HIV kills white blood cells which can lead to AIDS in whicch the infected person’s immune system deterioates and eventually fails allowing opportunistic infections

44
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Via infected bodily fluids

45
Q

How can you prevent HIV spread?

A

Wear condom
Avoid sharing needles
Medication can reduce the risk of an infected spreading it

46
Q

Describe the lytic pathway in the life cycle of a virus?

A

The virus attaches to a specific host cell and injects its genetic material into the cell
It then uses enzymes/proteins in the host cell to replicate its genetic matrial and make components of new viruses
The viral components assemble and the cell splits open and releases them

47
Q

What happens at the end of lytic pathway?

A

The host cell splits open releasing the new viruses which infect more cells

48
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

By inhibiting processes in bacterial cells but no in the host organism

49
Q

How do most antibiotics only target bacterial cells?

A

They inhibit the building of bacterial cell walls

50
Q

How does inhibiting the building of bacterial cell walls kill bacteria?

A

It prevents the bacteria from dividing and eventually kills them

51
Q

Why is it important to be treated with the right antibiotic?

A

Because different antibiotics kill different types of bacteria

52
Q

Explain why antibiotics can only be used to treat bacterial

infections?

A

Because they inhibit cell processes in the bacterium
but not the host organism and because viruses live inside host cells the antibiotics cant destroy the virus without killing the body’s cell

53
Q

What is in the growth medium when culturing bacteria?

A

Carbs, minerals, proteins and vitamins

54
Q

What growth medium can be used?

A

A nutrient broth solution or solid agar jelly

55
Q

How can you make an agar plate?

A

Hot agar jelly is poured into petri dishes which is then cooled and set
Inoculating loops can be used to transfer microorganisms to the ager jelly

56
Q

What is used to transfer microorganisms to the agar plate?

A

Inoculating loops

57
Q

What temperatures are cultures kept at?

A

25*C

58
Q

When investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth, what do you add?

A

Paper discs that are soaked in different types of antibiotics

59
Q

When investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth, what is the inhibition zone?

A

An area where the bacteria have died

60
Q

When investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth, what is the contro?

A

A paper disc that has not been soaked in an antibiotic

61
Q

When investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth, why is the control done?

A

To be sure it is the anti-biotic killing the bacteria

62
Q

The more effective the antibiotic, the _____ the inhibition zone

A

The more effective the antibiotic, the larger the inhibition zone

63
Q

What aseptic techniques are used when investigating the effect of substances on bacterial growth?

A

Sterilise the equipment using an autoclave
Heat equipment
Add lid
Store petri dish upside down

64
Q

What does an autoclave do?

A

Uses steam at a high pressure and temperature to kill any microorganisms present

65
Q

Why is equipment passed through a flame?

A

To kill any unwated microorganisms

66
Q

Why must a lid be kept on liquid bacterial cultures?

A

To prevent microbes getting in from the air

67
Q

Why is the petri dish stored upside down?

A

To stop drops of condensation falling onto the agar

68
Q

What happens in the first stage of preclinical testing?

A

Drugs are tested on human cells in the lab

69
Q

What must the tissues be during the first stage of preclinical testing?

A

Perfect samples for drugs (the systems the drugs affect)

70
Q

What happens in the second stage of preclinical testing?

A

The drugs are used on live animals

71
Q

What is the point of the second stage of preclinical testing?

A

To test that the drug works and to find out how toxic whilst finding the best dosage

72
Q

What happens in the first stage of clinical testing?

A

The drug is tested on healthy volunteers

73
Q

What is the point of the first stage of clinical testing?

A

To see that it doesnt have any harmful side effects when the body is working normally

74
Q

What happens in the second stage of clinical testing?

A

The drug is given to those people with the illness

75
Q

What is the point of the second stage of clinical testing?

A

To find the optimum dose

76
Q

What is the optimum dose?

A

The dose of drug that is most effective and has the fewest side effects

77
Q

What are blind trials?

A

Trials where the patient in the study doesn’t know whether they have got the placebo or the drug

78
Q

What are double-blind trials?

A

Trials where not even the doctors know who has the placebo or drug

79
Q

What is the BMI equation?

A

BMI = Mass / Height^2

80
Q

How do you calculate the waist:hip ratio?

A

Waist circumference / Hip circumference

81
Q

WHat is cholesterol?

A

A fatty subtance that the body needs to make things

82
Q

What is cholesterol use to make?

A

Cell membranes

83
Q

What happens if you have too much cholesterol?

A

Fatty deposits can build up in arteries restricting blood flow

84
Q

Where do deposits occur?

A

In areas where the artery wall has been damaged

85
Q

What can fatty deposits trigger?

A

Blood clots to form

86
Q

What are the lifestyle changes for CVD?

A

Healthy and balanced diety
Excercise regularly
Lose weight
Stop smoking

87
Q

What’s often reccomended first?

A

Lifestyle changes

88
Q

Why are lifestyle changes recommended first?

A

They don’t have many downsides

89
Q

What drugs are used to reduce the risk of CVD?

A

Statins
Anticoagulants
Antihypertensives

90
Q

What do statins do?

A

Remove the amount of cholesterol in the blood stream

91
Q

How do statins reduce the risk of CVD?

A

They slow down the rate at which fatty deposits form, reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes

92
Q

What are the side effects of statins?

A

Aching muscles

93
Q

What do anticoagulants do?

A

Make blood clots less likely to form?

94
Q

What are the side effects of anticoagulants?

A

Excessive bleeding

95
Q

What do antihypertensives do?

A

Reduce blood pressure

96
Q

How do antihypertensives reduce the risk of CVD?

A

It reduces BP which helps to prevent damage to blood vessels which reduces the risk of fatty deposits forming

97
Q

What are the side effects of antihypertensives?

A

Headaches and fainting

98
Q

What surgical procedures are used to reduce CVD?

A

Stents
Coronary bypass surgery
Donor Heart

99
Q

What are stents?

A

Tubes that are inserted inside arteries to keep the mopen

100
Q

What are the disadvantages of stents?

A

Can irritate the artery and make scar tissue grow

Drugs also need to be taken

101
Q

What is a coronary bypass surgery?

A

A healthy vessel replacing the blocked section

102
Q

What are the risks of surgery?

A

Bleeding, clots and infection

103
Q

What are the disadvantages of a donor heart?

A

Drugs have to be taken to prevent rejection

The donor does not always start pumping properly

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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