Topic 8: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood Flashcards
According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is ________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.
shame
despair
mistrust
inferiority
inferiority
As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from ________.
the inner self
family members
younger children
close friends
close friends
Which statement about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood is true?
Children feel guilty for any mishap, including those that are accidental.
Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.
Children rarely feel guilty for cheating or lying unless they are caught or punished for their behavior.
Children typically feel guilty only if an adult or peer is present to witness their transgressions.
Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.
Children who are not emotionally well-regulated often experience ________.
a favorable self-image and an optimistic outlook
a strong sense of emotional self-efficacy
hostile, dismissive parental reactions to distress
sensitive, helpful parental reactions to distress
hostile, dismissive parental reactions to distress
________ children in middle childhood are at risk for poor school performance, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior in adolescence and criminality in adulthood.
Rejected
Neglected
Average
Controversial
Rejected
Erikson theory in middle childhood is ………………whereby children psychological conflict is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks. Erikson’s sense of industry combines a positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with agemates
Industry Versus Inferiority
Trust vs mistrust
Identity vs. confusion
Industry Versus Inferiority
During the school years, children refine their self-concept, organizing their observations of behaviours and internal states into general dispositions and making ,,,,,,,,, with others
friends
social comparisons
Judgements
social comparisons
………support for self-development continues to be vitally important, and children also look to more people beyond the family for information about themselves. The content of self-concept also reflects the emphasis a culture places on harmonious interdependence versus independence and self-assertion.
Parental
Professional
Peer
Parental
……… becomes more realistic as children become cognitively capable of social comparison. From middle childhood on, individual differences in……….. become increasingly stable.
Self efficay
Self esteem
Self doubt
Self esteem
Children with a strong sense of attachment security and whose parents use an authoritative child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.
School-age children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation, make ……………. and seek information on how best to increase their ability through effort.
mastery-oriented attributions
Creative-oriented attributions
Dependant-oriented attributions
mastery-oriented attribution
Children who develop …………. often focus on obtaining positive and avoiding negative evaluations of their fragile sense of ability
Learned Helplessness
High self esteem
Victim mentality
Learned Helplessness
Children feel more shame after failure if they have previously received ………… praise rather than process praise.
Genuine
Excessive
Person
Person
Cultural values influence children’s views about success and failure. For example, ………. parents attend more to failure than to success because failure indicates where corrective action is needed. You might consider this in light of the reading of “Tiger Mothers”
Asian
Aboriginal
Western
Asian
Self-conscious emotions of pride and ……become clearly governed by personal responsibility
Shame
Depression
Sadness
Guilt
Between ages ………..children become more aware that people’s expressions may not reflect their true feelings.
6 and 12,
2 and 4
4 and 8
6 and 12,
By age 10, most children shift adaptively between problem-centered coping and ………..-centered coping
emotion
solution
creative
emotion
When emotional self-regulation has developed well, school-age children acquire a sense of ……….
Pride
Sense of self
emotional self-efficacy.
emotional self-efficacy.
By age ……, children consider prosocial and antisocial intentions and the context of the behaviour in making moral judgments.
7 and 8
9 and 11
6 and 7
7 and 8
Older school-age children place limits on individual choice and, when faced with conflicting moral and personal concerns, typically decide in favour of ……………
kindness and fairness
their friends
what their parents think will be the right option
kindness and fairness
By age White children generally develop in-group favouritism toward their own racial group, followed by outgroup prejudice. Many minority children show out-group favouritism, but after age 7 to 8, both majority and minority children express in-group favouritism.
5 to 6
13 to 15
5 to 6,
The capacity for recursive perspective taking permits more sophisticated understanding of self and others, which contributes to
Peer interaction
Emotional maturity
School achievement
peer interaction.
…………………..refers to the extent to which a child is viewed by agemates as a worthy social partner.
Peer acceptance
Peer acceptance is a powerful predictor of ………………… Peer rejection is strongly associated with poor school performance, antisocial behaviour, and delinquency in adolescence and with criminality in adulthood.
Homelife
psychological adjustment
Academic failure
psychological adjustment
Controversial children display a blend of positive and negative social behaviours. A surprising finding is that …………. children are usually well-adjusted.
Neglected
Happy
Popular
neglected
Most interventions to help rejected children involve …………………………….. positive social skills. Rejected children need help attributing their peer difficulties to internal, changeable causes.
Because rejected children’s socially incompetent behaviours often originate in harsh, authoritarian parenting, interventions focusing on the child alone may not be sufficient.
Medication, therapy and coaching
Coaching, modelling, and reinforcing
Exercise, tutoring and therapy
coaching, modelling, and reinforcing
From third to sixth grade, boys tend to strengthen their identification with “masculine” personality traits, whereas …………’ identification with “feminine” traits declines.
girls
…………….. expands to include several self-evaluations that greatly affect adjustment:
gender typicality,
gender contentedness,
felt pressure to conform to gender roles.
Gender identity
Effective parents engage in ……………., exercising general oversight while letting children take charge of moment by moment decision making.
co-regulation
Permissive parenting
Regulation
co-regulation
Children in………… usually have more adjustment problems than those in stable, first marriage families, but for some children, this expanded family network offers benefits.
Single parent
Blended
First marriage
blended families
Low……. children who participate in programs offering academic assistance and enrichment activities show special benefits.
SES
Ability
Scoring
SES
Most children handle fears constructively, but about 5 percent of school-age children develop a………….Some children with ……………. and other anxieties develop school refusal.
Phobia
Depression
Bipolar
Phobia
Only a modest relationship exists between stressful life experiences and psychological disturbance in childhood.
Four broad factors protect against ………….:
the child’s personal characteristics
a warm parental relationship
an adult outside the immediate family who offers a support system
community resources.
Maladjustment
