Topic 8: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is ________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.

shame
despair
mistrust
inferiority

Answer 1

inferiority

Question 2

As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from ________.

the inner self
family members
younger children
close friends

Answer 2

close friends

Question 3

Which statement about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood is true?

Children feel guilty for any mishap, including those that are accidental.
Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.
Children rarely feel guilty for cheating or lying unless they are caught or punished for their behavior.
Children typically feel guilty only if an adult or peer is present to witness their transgressions.

Answer 3

Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.

Question 4

Children who are not emotionally well-regulated often experience ________.

a favorable self-image and an optimistic outlook
a strong sense of emotional self-efficacy
hostile, dismissive parental reactions to distress

sensitive, helpful parental reactions to distress

Answer 4

hostile, dismissive parental reactions to distress

Question 5

________ children in middle childhood are at risk for poor school performance, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior in adolescence and criminality in adulthood.

Rejected

Neglected

Average

Controversial

Answer 5

Rejected

Question 6

Erikson theory in middle childhood is ………………whereby children psychological conflict is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks. Erikson’s sense of industry combines a positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with agemates

Industry Versus Inferiority
Trust vs mistrust
Identity vs. confusion

Answer 6

Industry Versus Inferiority

Question 7

During the school years, children refine their self-concept, organizing their observations of behaviours and internal states into general dispositions and making ,,,,,,,,, with others

friends
social comparisons
Judgements

Answer 7

social comparisons

Question 8

………support for self-development continues to be vitally important, and children also look to more people beyond the family for information about themselves. The content of self-concept also reflects the emphasis a culture places on harmonious interdependence versus independence and self-assertion.

Parental
Professional
Peer

Answer 8

Parental

Question 9

……… becomes more realistic as children become cognitively capable of social comparison. From middle childhood on, individual differences in……….. become increasingly stable.

Self efficay
Self esteem
Self doubt

Answer 9

Self esteem

Question 10

Children with a strong sense of attachment security and whose parents use an authoritative child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.
School-age children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation, make ……………. and seek information on how best to increase their ability through effort.

mastery-oriented attributions
Creative-oriented attributions
Dependant-oriented attributions

Answer 10

mastery-oriented attribution

Question 11

Children who develop …………. often focus on obtaining positive and avoiding negative evaluations of their fragile sense of ability

Learned Helplessness
High self esteem
Victim mentality

Answer 11

Learned Helplessness

Question 12

Children feel more shame after failure if they have previously received ………… praise rather than process praise.

Genuine
Excessive
Person

Answer 12

Person

Question 13

Cultural values influence children’s views about success and failure. For example, ………. parents attend more to failure than to success because failure indicates where corrective action is needed. You might consider this in light of the reading of “Tiger Mothers”

Asian
Aboriginal
Western

Answer 13

Asian

Question 14

Self-conscious emotions of pride and ……become clearly governed by personal responsibility

Shame
Depression
Sadness

Answer 14

Guilt

Question 15

Between ages ………..children become more aware that people’s expressions may not reflect their true feelings.

6 and 12,
2 and 4
4 and 8

Answer 15

6 and 12,

Question 16

By age 10, most children shift adaptively between problem-centered coping and ………..-centered coping

emotion
solution
creative

Answer 16

emotion

Question 17

When emotional self-regulation has developed well, school-age children acquire a sense of ……….

Pride
Sense of self
emotional self-efficacy.

Answer 17

emotional self-efficacy.

Question 18

By age ……, children consider prosocial and antisocial intentions and the context of the behaviour in making moral judgments.

7 and 8
9 and 11
6 and 7

Answer 18

7 and 8

Question 19

Older school-age children place limits on individual choice and, when faced with conflicting moral and personal concerns, typically decide in favour of ……………

kindness and fairness
their friends
what their parents think will be the right option

Answer 19

kindness and fairness

Question 20

By age White children generally develop in-group favouritism toward their own racial group, followed by outgroup prejudice. Many minority children show out-group favouritism, but after age 7 to 8, both majority and minority children express in-group favouritism.

5 to 6
13 to 15

Answer 20

5 to 6,

Question 21

The capacity for recursive perspective taking permits more sophisticated understanding of self and others, which contributes to

Peer interaction
Emotional maturity
School achievement

Answer 21

peer interaction.

Question 22

…………………..refers to the extent to which a child is viewed by agemates as a worthy social partner.

Answer 22

Peer acceptance

Question 23

Peer acceptance is a powerful predictor of ………………… Peer rejection is strongly associated with poor school performance, antisocial behaviour, and delinquency in adolescence and with criminality in adulthood.

Homelife
psychological adjustment
Academic failure

Answer 23

psychological adjustment

Question 24

Controversial children display a blend of positive and negative social behaviours. A surprising finding is that …………. children are usually well-adjusted.

Neglected
Happy
Popular

Answer 24

neglected

Question 25

Most interventions to help rejected children involve …………………………….. positive social skills. Rejected children need help attributing their peer difficulties to internal, changeable causes.
Because rejected children’s socially incompetent behaviours often originate in harsh, authoritarian parenting, interventions focusing on the child alone may not be sufficient.

Medication, therapy and coaching
Coaching, modelling, and reinforcing
Exercise, tutoring and therapy

Answer 25

coaching, modelling, and reinforcing

Question 26

From third to sixth grade, boys tend to strengthen their identification with “masculine” personality traits, whereas …………’ identification with “feminine” traits declines.

Answer 26

girls

Question 27

…………….. expands to include several self-evaluations that greatly affect adjustment:
gender typicality,
gender contentedness,
felt pressure to conform to gender roles.

Answer 27

Gender identity

Question 28

Effective parents engage in ……………., exercising general oversight while letting children take charge of moment by moment decision making.

co-regulation
Permissive parenting
Regulation

Answer 28

co-regulation

Question 29

Children in………… usually have more adjustment problems than those in stable, first marriage families, but for some children, this expanded family network offers benefits.

Single parent
Blended
First marriage

Answer 29

blended families

Question 30

Low……. children who participate in programs offering academic assistance and enrichment activities show special benefits.

SES
Ability
Scoring

Answer 30

SES

Question 31

Most children handle fears constructively, but about 5 percent of school-age children develop a………….Some children with ……………. and other anxieties develop school refusal.

Phobia
Depression
Bipolar

Answer 31

Phobia

Question 32

Only a modest relationship exists between stressful life experiences and psychological disturbance in childhood.
Four broad factors protect against ………….:
the child’s personal characteristics
a warm parental relationship
an adult outside the immediate family who offers a support system
community resources.

Answer 32

Maladjustment