Topic 1 - Intro to theories

Question 1

Main Periods of Development

Answer 1

Prenatal conception to birth, infancy and toddlerhood birth to 2 years, early childhood 2-6 years, middle childhood 6-11 years, adolescense 11-18 years.

Question 2

Basic Issues in Development

Answer 2

continuous ( linear) or discontinuous(stepped), one course of development or many, relative influence of nature and nurture

Question 3

What is stability and plasticity

Answer 3

STABILITY - lifelong persistence of individual characteristics established by heredity or early experiences. PLASTICITY openness to change in individual characteristics in response to influential experiences

Question 4

What is developmental systems perspective

Answer 4

An ongoing process, shaped by complex network of genetic/biological, psychological, and social influences

Question 5

………..is the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development. Social supports outside of family, personal characteristics, war parental relationship, community resources and opportunities all support the development of……..

Answer 5

Resilience

Question 6

……….is associated with freud and erikson there is an emphasis on the individuals unique life history and life stages are shaped by conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

Answer 6

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Question 7

Freuds……… is the largest portion of the mind, its unconscious and present at birth, its the source of biological needs and desires

Answer 7

ID

Question 8

Freuds…. is rational conscious part of personality. Emerges in early infancy, redirects IS impulses acceptably

Answer 8

EGO

Question 9

Freuds….. is conscience, emerges between 3-6. Develops from parents insistence on conformity to societies values

Answer 9

Superego

Question 10

What Eriksons Psychosocial stages happens between birth to 1 year

Answer 10

Basic Trust Vs Mistrust

Question 11

What Eriksons Psychosocial stages happens between 1-3 years

Answer 11

Autonmy vs shame and doubt

Question 12

What Eriksons Psychosocial stages happens between 3-6 years

Answer 12

Initiative vs guilt

Question 13

What Eriksons Psychosocial stages happens between 6-11 years

Answer 13

Industry vs inferiority

Question 14

What Eriksons Psychosocial stage happens in Adolescence

Answer 14

Identity Vs Role Confusion

Question 15

In Behaviorism what kind of conditioning is Associating a neutral stimulus with another stimulus that produces a reflexive response

Answer 15

Classical Conditioning

Question 16

In Behaviorism what kind of conditioning is influencing the frequency of a behavior by following it with reinforcers or punishment

Answer 16

Operant Conditioning

Question 17

………..is the application of behaviorism to explain the development of social behavior

Answer 17

Social Learning theory

Question 18

Most influential approach is social learning theory is

Answer 18

Albert Bandura

Question 19

In social learning theory there is a strong emphasis on ……..as a powerful source of development

Answer 19

Modelling

Question 20

Most recent revision of social learning theory is

Answer 20

social-cognitive approach

Question 21

Through imitation and feedback about worth of own actions, children develop personal standards for behaviour and sense of self-efficacy - WHAT THOERY IS THIS

Answer 21

Social learning theory

Question 22

Helpful Contributions of behaviourism and social learning are.

Answer 22

Helpful in treating adjustment problems. Applied behaviour analysis uses procedures of conditioning and modelling to change behaviour.

Question 23

Limitations of behaviourism and social learning are.

Answer 23

Narrow view of environmental influences and underestimation of individuals contributions to their own development

Question 24

In Piagets stages of cognitive development ……. is when infants use their senses and movement to explore the world and invent ways of solving sensorimotor problems.

Answer 24

Sensorimotor

Question 25

In Piagets stages of cognitive development ……. is prechoolers using symbols and develop language and make believe play, but thinking is not yet logical.

Answer 25

Preoperational

Question 26

In Piagets stages of cognitive development ……. is Childrens reasoning becomes logical and better organised, but only when dealing with concrete information.

Answer 26

Concrete Operational

Question 27

In Piagets stages of cognitive development ……. is abstract systematic thinking enables adolescent to deduce inferences from a hypothesis and test them. Adolescents can also evaluate the logic verbal statements.

Answer 27

Formal Operational

Question 28

…………………..is Relationship of changes in the brain to cognitive processing and behaviour
•Draws on psychology, biology, neuroscience, medicine

Answer 28

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 29

……………………………Relationship of changes in the brain to emotional and social development
•Interest in adolescents’ risk-taking behaviour, impact of extreme adversity, neurological bases of autism

Answer 29

Developmental Social Neuroscience

Question 30

Imprinting, Critical Period and Sensitive Period are all traced to the work of darwin concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behaviour and its evolutionary history - this is part of ………theory

Answer 30

Ethology

Question 31

WHAT IS THE THEORY Focuses on how culture (values, beliefs, customs, skills) is transmitted to the next generation
•Cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable others (MKS’s) in society are necessary for children to acquire their culture’s ways of thinking and behaving

Answer 31

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Question 32

What is Ecological System theory?

Answer 32

Child develops within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment
•Layers of environment: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem
•Chronosystem: dynamic, ever-changing nature of person’s environment
•Child and environment form a network of interdependent effects

Question 33

…………………perspective - childs mind body physical and social worlds for a dynamic integrated system that guides mastery of new skills. Change in any part of the system disrupts childs current relationship to the environment. In response, chlld actively reorganizes behavior so components of the system again work together, but now in more complex, effective ways.

Answer 33

Dynamic Systems Perspective