Topic 1 - Intro to theories Flashcards
Main Periods of Development
Prenatal conception to birth, infancy and toddlerhood birth to 2 years, early childhood 2-6 years, middle childhood 6-11 years, adolescense 11-18 years.
Basic Issues in Development
continuous ( linear) or discontinuous(stepped), one course of development or many, relative influence of nature and nurture
What is stability and plasticity
STABILITY - lifelong persistence of individual characteristics established by heredity or early experiences. PLASTICITY openness to change in individual characteristics in response to influential experiences
What is developmental systems perspective
An ongoing process, shaped by complex network of genetic/biological, psychological, and social influences
………..is the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development. Social supports outside of family, personal characteristics, war parental relationship, community resources and opportunities all support the development of……..
Resilience
……….is associated with freud and erikson there is an emphasis on the individuals unique life history and life stages are shaped by conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freuds……… is the largest portion of the mind, its unconscious and present at birth, its the source of biological needs and desires
ID
Freuds…. is rational conscious part of personality. Emerges in early infancy, redirects IS impulses acceptably
EGO
Freuds….. is conscience, emerges between 3-6. Develops from parents insistence on conformity to societies values
Superego
What Eriksons Psychosocial stages happens between birth to 1 year
Basic Trust Vs Mistrust
What Eriksons Psychosocial stages happens between 1-3 years
Autonmy vs shame and doubt
What Eriksons Psychosocial stages happens between 3-6 years
Initiative vs guilt
What Eriksons Psychosocial stages happens between 6-11 years
Industry vs inferiority
What Eriksons Psychosocial stage happens in Adolescence
Identity Vs Role Confusion
In Behaviorism what kind of conditioning is Associating a neutral stimulus with another stimulus that produces a reflexive response
Classical Conditioning
In Behaviorism what kind of conditioning is influencing the frequency of a behavior by following it with reinforcers or punishment
Operant Conditioning
………..is the application of behaviorism to explain the development of social behavior
Social Learning theory
Most influential approach is social learning theory is
Albert Bandura
In social learning theory there is a strong emphasis on ……..as a powerful source of development
Modelling
Most recent revision of social learning theory is
social-cognitive approach
Through imitation and feedback about worth of own actions, children develop personal standards for behaviour and sense of self-efficacy - WHAT THOERY IS THIS
Social learning theory
Helpful Contributions of behaviourism and social learning are.
Helpful in treating adjustment problems. Applied behaviour analysis uses procedures of conditioning and modelling to change behaviour.
Limitations of behaviourism and social learning are.
Narrow view of environmental influences and underestimation of individuals contributions to their own development
In Piagets stages of cognitive development ……. is when infants use their senses and movement to explore the world and invent ways of solving sensorimotor problems.
Sensorimotor
In Piagets stages of cognitive development ……. is prechoolers using symbols and develop language and make believe play, but thinking is not yet logical.
Preoperational
In Piagets stages of cognitive development ……. is Childrens reasoning becomes logical and better organised, but only when dealing with concrete information.
Concrete Operational
In Piagets stages of cognitive development ……. is abstract systematic thinking enables adolescent to deduce inferences from a hypothesis and test them. Adolescents can also evaluate the logic verbal statements.
Formal Operational
…………………..is Relationship of changes in the brain to cognitive processing and behaviour
•Draws on psychology, biology, neuroscience, medicine
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
……………………………Relationship of changes in the brain to emotional and social development
•Interest in adolescents’ risk-taking behaviour, impact of extreme adversity, neurological bases of autism
Developmental Social Neuroscience
Imprinting, Critical Period and Sensitive Period are all traced to the work of darwin concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behaviour and its evolutionary history - this is part of ………theory
Ethology
WHAT IS THE THEORY Focuses on how culture (values, beliefs, customs, skills) is transmitted to the next generation
•Cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable others (MKS’s) in society are necessary for children to acquire their culture’s ways of thinking and behaving
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
What is Ecological System theory?
Child develops within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment
•Layers of environment: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem
•Chronosystem: dynamic, ever-changing nature of person’s environment
•Child and environment form a network of interdependent effects
…………………perspective - childs mind body physical and social worlds for a dynamic integrated system that guides mastery of new skills. Change in any part of the system disrupts childs current relationship to the environment. In response, chlld actively reorganizes behavior so components of the system again work together, but now in more complex, effective ways.
Dynamic Systems Perspective
