Topic 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Flashcards
After age 8, girls ________.
have slightly less body fat than boys
begin accumulating fat at a faster rate
have slightly more muscle than boys
grow more slowly than boys
begin accumulating fat at a faster rate
Which statement about the consequences of obesity is true?
In Western societies, obese youngsters are stereotyped as lazy, self-doubting, and deceitful.
Persistent obesity has no relationship to serious psychological disorders.
Obese children and adolescents report fewer school difficulties.
In most cases, obese children are not at risk for health problems.
In Western societies, obese youngsters are stereotyped as lazy, self-doubting, and deceitful.
Studies show that educational self-fulfilling prophecies are especially strong ________.
in multigrade classrooms
when teachers emphasize competition and publicly compare children
Should have been checked.
when teachers rely on cooperative learning techniques
Should not have been checked.
in social-constructivist classrooms
when teachers emphasize competition and publicly compare children
Children in middle childhood are in Piaget’s ________ stage, which extends from about 7 to 11 years.
preoperational
formal operational
sensorimotor
concrete operational
concrete operational
During middle childhood, children add about 5-8cm in height and 2kg in weight each year, and bones of the body lengthen and broaden.
True
false
True
Research indicates that heredity and ……………..jointly contribute to IQ.
Effort
Environment
Quality of teaching
Environment
…….are vital forces in cognitive development.
Schools
Books
Peers
Schools
The most frequent cause of school absence and childhood hospitalization is……..
asthma
cold and flu
ear infection
asthma
Boys, African-American children, and children who were born underweight, whose parents smoke, or who live in ………are at greatest risk.
Poverty
For most children, joining community athletic teams is associated with increased social skills and self-esteem
social skills and self-esteem
Fitness and health
Excitement and enjoyment
social skills and self-esteem
In Piaget’s concrete operational stage …………thought is more logical, flexible, and organised than in early childhood.
7-11
12-15
9-12
7-11
Disagreement continues over whether children’s cognitive development is a process of continuous improvement in logical skills or one of discontinuous restructuring of children’s thinking, as …… stage idea assumes.
Vgotsky
Erikson
Piaget
Piaget
About 5 percent of U.S. school-age children have …………., due to deficient executive function.
ADHD
………….. can be enhanced both directly, through training within interactive computer games, and indirectly, by increasing children’s participation in activities such as exercise and mindfulness training.
Executive function
During middle childhood, children’s theory of mind becomes more elaborate and refined.
False
True
True
School-age children realise that people can extend their knowledge by making mental inferences, an understanding that enables appreciation of
Second-order false belief.
First-order false belief.
Third-order false belief.
second-order false belief.
Mastery of second-order false belief reflects a more advanced form of perspective-taking called………. thought, reasoning simultaneously about what two or more people are thinking.
Recursive
Pervasive
Recurring
recursive
……………., which requires constant evaluation of effort and progress, develops gradually in middle childhood; parents and teachers can foster it by explaining the effectiveness of strategies. Children who can learn to self-regulate effectively have a greater sense of academic confidence or belief in their capability.
Cognitive self-regulation
Emotional regulation
School Performance
Cognitive self-regulation
Children who become fluent in two languages gain in executive processing, with diverse ………..benefits
Cognitive
Mental
Health.
Cognitive
In a ……………., teachers encourage students to …………..their own knowledge, and their progress is evaluated in relation to their own prior development.
Although children in traditional classrooms have a slight edge in achievement test scores, constructivist settings are associated with gains in critical thinking, greater social and moral maturity, and more positive attitudes toward school.
social-constructivist
constructivist classroom,
Inclusive classrooms
constructivist classroom
In ………….. classrooms, learning is based around Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and children participate in challenging activities with teachers and peers to construct understanding.
social-constructivist
constructivist classroom,
inclusive classrooms
social-constructivist
In ………….. classrooms, learning is based around Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and children participate in challenging activities with teachers and peers to construct understanding.
social-constructivist
constructivist classroom,
inclusive classrooms
social-constructivist
In ………….classrooms, students with learning difficulties, including mild intellectual disability and learning disabilities, learn alongside typical students in the regular educational setting for all or part of the school day.
social-constructivist
constructivist classroom,
inclusive classrooms
inclusive
….details classification hierarchies occur in middle childhood simultaneously consider relationships between a general category and more specific subcategories
piaget
Brain development i.e mylenation and pruning in prefrontal cortext and crposcollosum in middle childhood that enables expanding memory inhibition and flexible shifting and ability to focus on a task and not get distracted.
True
False
True
At age …… IQ becomes more stable and correlates with academic achievement
6
11
15
6
IQ is based on hereditary and ……
Parents education level
school
Context
Context ( life circumstances, school quality, opportunities)
Gifted children that are not challenged in a learning environment can cause addiction in later life. Can have low or inflated self esteem
False
True
True
After age 8, girls ________.
begin accumulating fat at a faster rate
have slightly more muscle than boys
have slightly less body fat than boys
grow more slowly than boys
begin accumulating fat at a faster rate
Eight-year-old Miles has confidence in his own ability. When he faces a spelling test, he believes that he can practice spelling the words and that he will do well on the test. Miles has developed ________.
academic self-efficacy
inflated self-esteem
interpersonal intelligence
learned helplessness
academic self-efficacy
