Topic 2 - The Newborn Baby & Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Flashcards
How do babies communicate for the first time?
Smiling
Laughing
Crying
Crying
What is vital for growth of the central nervous system.
REM
Warm caregiving
Good Quality Milk
REM
What is least developed at birth
touch, taste, smell, hearing or vision
vision
Perceptual development refers to the development of
The five senses
Brain Development
Physical Growth
The five senses
What are the most severe forms of malnutrition
cephalocaudal and proximodistal
marasmus and kwashiorkor
marasmus and kwashiorkor
…….can undermine healthy physical development causing a failure to thrive
Poor Nutrition
Between the ages of …………A child’s brain undergoes an amazing period of development producing more than a million neural connections each second.
Birth to 3 years
Birth to 6 months
Birth to 6 years
Birth to 3 years
……………is a process that covers axons in a fatty substance. ……………..of nerve cells allows for faster transfer of electrical signals, meaning a baby’s brain can receive and transmit messages faster, and deal with multiple signals more effectively. ……………..is incomplete in many parts of the brain after birth, but rapidly develops during the first year of childhood. This explains why older children have an easier time processing and reacting to input than young infants, and can determine what kind of activities are age appropriate activities for infants.
Myelination
The ……….. is knows for its role in motor control and is located located at the back of the brain. It’s a small portion of your brain sitting just above and behind the brainstem,
Neurons
Cerebellum
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
The………… , includes two cerebral hemispheres (sometimes referred to as the “right brain” and “left brain”) connected by the corpus collsum. Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes: the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe, and the temporal lobe.
Cerebellum
Hippocampus
cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex
The……………. the very forward part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. It is located in front of areas controlling body movement, is responsible for complex thought - in particular, consciousness and various “executive” processes.
Prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus
cerebral cortex
prefrontal cortex
The ………… is found underneath the cerebral cortex and processes information from long- and short-term memory and is the part of the brain that controls spatial reasoning
Hippocampus
The brain development of children from …………years is a complex process that we are constantly learning more about. Brain development in early childhood is extremely important as it sets the stage for the rest of the child’s life.
0-3 years
0-12 years
0-6 years
0-6 years
As neurons form connections, stimulation ________
results in fewer and fewer synapses
becomes vital to their survival
.
causes synaptic pruning
becomes unnecessary
becomes vital to their survival
Experience-dependent brain growth ________
depends on young children’s ordinary explorations of and interactions with their environment
refers to the young brain’s rapidly developing organization
.
provides the foundation for experience-expectant brain growth
occurs throughout our lives
occurs throughout our lives
Trying to push infants beyond their current readiness to handle stimulation
can undermine the development of important motor skills
can cause depression and insecurity in early childhood.
will delay social development.
enhances early motor development.
can undermine the development of important motor skills
…………….are nerve cells that store and transmit information
Neurons
Synapses
Neurotransmitters
Neurons
Tiny gaps between neurons where
fibers from different neurons come
close together but do not touch
Neurons
Synapses
Neurotransmitters
Synapses
Chemicals released by neurons that
send messages across the synapse
Neurons
Synapses
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
………… returns seldom-stimulated neurons
to an uncommitted state
Synaptic pruning
Programmed cell death
Memory Loss
Synaptic pruning
………………: neurons die to make space
for new connective structures
Programmed cell death
Neurons Establish unique functions by forming ………..
connections with neighboring cells
Synaptic
Organised
Programmed
Synaptic
Prefrontal cortex: functions more effectively from
6 months
2 months
3 years
2 months
Appropriate………….. is vital for brain growth:
– Neurobiological findings indicate that early, prolonged institutionalisation leads to diminished activity in prefrontal cortex
– Early, deprived rearing disrupts brain’s capacity
to manage stress:
Parenting
Nutrition
Stimulation
stimulation
Experience-……………… brain growth is
Refers to young brain’s rapidly developing organization
• Occurs early and naturally
• Depends on ordinary experiences the developing brain
“expects” to encounter
expectant
- Experience…………….brain growth:
- Occurs throughout our lives
- Growth and refinement
- Results from specific, individual learning experiences
dependent
What has a Large influence on height and rate of physical growth when
diet and health are adequate
• Catch-up growth: return to genetically influenced growth path once negative conditions corrected
nutrition
Hereditery
Environment
Hereditary
Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, heart disease, infections, milk allergy, metabolic disorders, poor feeding habits and reflux are all ……… examples Failure to Thrive (FTT)
Organic
Non-organic
Hereditary
Organic
Poor nutrition, neglect, abuse or trauma, lack of parental education/preparation for parenting, difficult infant, parent child interaction problems, mental health disorder, inadequate nutritional knowledge, financial difficulties are all …….. examples of FTT
Macro
Micro
Non-Organic
Non-Organic
▪domestic violence,single motherhood,alcohol and drug abuse. psychiatric illness including
attachment disorder, and smoking, alcohol, or
▪medication use during pregnancy are ………… risks of growth altering
Prenatal
Parental
Maternal
Maternal
intrauterine growth, retardation, congenital disorders, physical illness, feeding, difficulties, and sleep difficulties
Are ……. risk factors of growth altering
Infant
pospartum
Parental
Infant
…………………Is associated with:
• Emotional deprivation, A pathologic psychosocial environment,(or both). A disturbed relationship between child and caregiver. Results in stunted physical growth, intellectual growth and social growth. Psychological Disturbance is obvious in the child. Caregiver appears to have some psychopathology
Depression
Intellectual disability
Psychosocial dwarfism
Psychosocial dwarfism
…………capable of learning through:
• Classical conditioning ( Pavlov)
• Operant Conditioning ( Skinner)
• Imitation
Adults
Babies
Everyone
Babies
Pairs neutral stimulus with one that prompts
reflexive response
• Helps infants recognise which events usually occur
together
• Environment becomes more orderly and predictable
What theory is this?
Classical conditioning
• Infant acts, or operates, on the environment
• Reinforcer: increases occurrence of response
- Presenting desirable stimulus
- Removing unpleasant stimulus
• Punishment: decreases occurrence of response
- Presenting unpleasant stimulus
- Removing desirable stimulus
What theory is this?
Operant Conditioning
Infants are born with primitive ability to ………..
• Mirror neurons may provide biological basis
• Ability to imitate expands over first two years
• Powerful means of learning and exploring social world
Imitate
Motor, social, cognitive, and language skills develop
together and ………. one another
compete with
Support
Enhance
Support
……..-motor development is
• crawling, standing, walking
Gross
……… motor development is:
• reaching, grasping
Fine
……..perception is the Capacity to perceive streams of simultaneous, multisensory input as integrated whole.
• Amodal sensory properties:
• Information that overlaps multiple sensory systems
• Example: sight and sound of a bouncing ball
• Rapid development during first six months supports:
• Perceptual understanding of physical world
• Social and language processing
Intermodal
Intermittent
Inconsistent
Intermodal
