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GCSE WJEC Biology > Topic 8 - Cell Division > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Chromosomes are made up of many different genes.

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2
Q

How many chromosomes are usually found together?

A

2

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3
Q

What is different about the number of chromosomes in a gamete?

A

They only have one of each chromosome

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4
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene tells how to make a specific protein

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6
Q

What is cancer?

A

A group of diseases where cellular changes lead to uncontrolled growth and division of cells

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7
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

Malignant tumours can invade neighbouring tissues and spread throughout the body in the blood, leading to the creation of more secondary tumours.

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8
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

Benign tumours stay in a specific part of the body, often within a membrane.

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9
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division leading to the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells, used in asexual reproduction.

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10
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division leading to the formation of four genetically non-identical daughter cells, used in sexual reproduction.

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11
Q

Mitosis Step 1

A

Extra ribosomes, mitochondria and other sub-cellular structures are produced. The cell’s chromosomes are replicated so that there are two sets of the cell’s chromosomes.

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12
Q

Mitosis Step 2

A

The two sets of chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. Then, the nucleus divides into two.

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13
Q

Mitosis Step 3

A

The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to create two identical daughter cells.

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14
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

Growth and repair of tissue, asexual reproduction

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15
Q

Meiosis Step 1

A

Each cell has one set of chromosomes. The set of chromosomes then replicates and the cell splits in two.

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16
Q

Meiosis Step 2

A

There are now two identical cells. The diploid cell divides again.

17
Q

Meiosis Step 3

A

This creates four genetically different gametes that each have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

18
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A sex-cell

19
Q

What happens during fertilisation?

A

During sexual reproduction, the male gamete fertilises the female gamete and the fertilised cell now has the normal number of chromosomes.

20
Q

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

A

46

21
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes have?

A

23

22
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell with half of the normal number of chromosomes

23
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell with the full number of chromosomes

24
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

A body cell

25
Q

What happens once a fertilised human cell is formed?

A

The new cell divides by mitosis. As soon as the embryo reaches a certain size, cells begin to differentiate.

26
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Cell differentiation is the process where a cell develops new sub-cellular structures to let it perform a specific function.

27
Q

What is unique about plant differentiation?

A

Many plant cells keep their ability to differentiate throughout their life so plants are always able to create new tissues.

28
Q

What happens to cell differentiation once an animal becomes mature?

A

Cell differentiation is rare in mature animals.

Their cells mostly divide to replace cells and repair tissues. New tissues are rarely created.

29
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have not yet specialised to perform a specific function.

30
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

Embryos, plant meristems and bone marrow

31
Q

What can plant stem cells be used for?

A

Producing crop plants with special features, protecting rare plant species and improving food security.

32
Q

What can stem cells be used for?

A

Stem cell treatments, plant clones and therapeutic cloning.

33
Q

What are stem cell treatments?

A

Stem cells may be able to replace damaged cells in the body e.g. diabetes or paralysis.

34
Q

What are plant clones?

A

Plant stem cells can be used to quickly and cheaply produce cloned plants. This could help to protect rare plant species from extinction and create large populations of plants with special features, such as disease resistance.

35
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Therapeutic cloning is a process that produces an embryo with the same DNA as the patient. This means that the patient’s body will not reject the stem cells or body cells made from the embryo’s stem cells, ideal for medical treatments.

GCSE WJEC Biology (9 decks)

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