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GCSE WJEC Biology > Topic 11 - Response + Regulation > Flashcards

Topic 11 - Response + Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

A

To detect internal and external stimuli and to coordinate a response if necessary

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2
Q

Name receptors.

A

Skin
Eyes
Ears
Chemical receptors in taste buds/nose

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3
Q

What stimuli does the skin detect?

A

Pressure, temperature, pain

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4
Q

What stimulus does the eye detect?

A

Light

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5
Q

What stimulus does the ear detect?

A

Sound

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6
Q

What stimulus does the nose detect?

A

Smell/Chemicals

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7
Q

What stimulus does the mouth detect?

A

Flavour/Chemicals

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8
Q

Give the components of the nervous system.

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Neurones

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9
Q

What is an involuntary reflex?

A

The majority of reflexes - rapid, automatic (protective) responses

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10
Q

What is a voluntary reflex?

A

Controlled by brain, slower, informed decisions

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11
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

Stimulus -> Receptor Cell -> Sensory Neurone -> Relay Neurone -> Motor Neurone -> Effector -> Response

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12
Q

What is the job of the sensory neurone?

A

Transfer sensory information from sense organ to CNS

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13
Q

Where is the nucleus in the sensory neurone?

A

Detached from the axon

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14
Q

What is the job of the relay neurone?

A

Transfer information from sensory to motor neurones

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15
Q

Where is the nucleus in the relay neurone?

A

In the middle of the axon

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16
Q

What is the job of the motor neurone?

A

Transfer information from the CNS to the effector

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17
Q

What are structural features of a neurone?

A

Myelin Sheath - surrounds axon, insulating fat layer
Dendrites - Nerve ending
Axon - Joins the sets of dendrites

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18
Q

Where is the nucleus in the motor neurone?

A

In the middle of the receiving dendrites, before the axon

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19
Q

Describe the synaptic process.

A

If a stimulus is large enough, the pre-synaptic knob on one neurone releases a chemical neurotransmitter which transfers across the synaptic cleft and causes the electronic signal to restart at the post-synaptic knob.

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20
Q

What can prevent signals from crossing the synaptic cleft?

A

Botox, cyanide

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21
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of constant environment in the body

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22
Q

Thermoregulatory processes in hot weather?

A

Vasodilation
Sweating
Hairs lie flat

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23
Q

Thermoregulatory processes in cold weather?

A

Vasoconstriction
Shivering
Piloerection

24
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Blood vessels dilate so more blood flows to the surface of the skin, losing heat to radiation

25
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Blood vessels constrict so less blood flows to the surface of the skin, so less heat is lost to radiation

26
Q

What is sweating?

A

Sweat glands produce sweat which evaporates, using energy and thus cooling the skin

27
Q

What is shivering?

A

Muscles contract quickly, using energy, creating extra heat and thus warming the body

28
Q

What is piloerection?

A

Hair erector muscle contracts, hairs stand up creating an insulating layer of oxygen around the body

29
Q

What is “hairs lie flat”?

A

Hair erector muscle relaxes, hairs lie flat reducing the insulating layer of oxygen around the body

30
Q

What is the effect of low glucose on the pancreas?

A

Glucagon secreted into the blood

31
Q

What is the effect of low glucose on the liver?

A

No conversion of glucose into insoluble glycogen

32
Q

What is the effect of low glucose on blood glucose level?

A

Increased

33
Q

What is the effect of high glucose on the pancreas?

A

Insulin secreted into the blood

34
Q

What is the effect of high glucose on the liver?

A

Conversion of glucose into insoluble glycogen and storage thereof

35
Q

What is the effect of high glucose on the blood glucose level?

A

Decreased

36
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

When blood sugar drops too low

37
Q

What is hyperglycaemia?

A

When blood sugar rises too high

38
Q

What is the cause of Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Damage to beta cells in the pancreas which produce insulin so poor/no level of insulin production

39
Q

What are the symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes?

A 
Increased thirst/hunger
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Irritability + Mood changes
Frequent urination
40
Q

What are the treatments for Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Injecting insulin

Transplant of pancreatic tissue

41
Q

What is the cause of Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Resistance to insulin

42
Q

What are the symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes?

A 
Increased thirst/hunger
Fatigue
Numbness + tingling
Frequent infection
Slow-healing sores
43
Q

What are the treatments for Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Diets

Activity

44
Q

What stimuli can plants respond to?

A

Gravity
Light
Water

45
Q

What are a plant’s responses to stimuli called?

A

Tropisms - Geotropism

            - Phototropism
            - Hydrotropism
46
Q

What are the three types of responses?

A

Positive, neutral, negative

47
Q

What are tropisms caused by?

A

Auxin

48
Q

What does auxin cause?

A

An elongation of cells by diffusing through the plant, accumulation on one side can lead to bending towards the stimulus

49
Q

Investigation of tropisms

A 
Plants grown upwards
In a dark box with one open side
Light source (i.e. window)
Time period
Name response
Repeat with control (i.e. fully dark/open)
50
Q

What is a tropism?

A

A plant’s growth response to stimuli

51
Q

Investigation of Reflexes

A

Drop a ruler
Catch
Lower the number, the faster the reaction time
Repeat 3-5 times

52
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers, carried by the blood, which control many body functions

53
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

A change from optimal internal conditions
resulting in the body responding and
restoring balance.

54
Q

How do repeats affect reaction time?

A

Reduce it

55
Q

What happens to the eye in bright light?

A

In brighter light, the iris contracts to reduce pupil diameter, restricting light entering the eye, so the retina is protected from damage

56
Q

What happens to the eye in low light?

A

The iris relaxes to increase pupil diameter, allowing more light to enter the eye so the retina can function properly

57
Q

What is a sense organ?

A

An organ that contains receptor cells and responds to stimuli

GCSE WJEC Biology (9 decks)

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