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Biology > Topic 7 - Reproduction > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

DNA

describe the structure of DNA

A
  • double helix structure
  • complementary base pairings
  • A+T, C+G
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3
Q

DNA

what are the 23rd pair of chromosomes called?

A

the sex chromosomes

these determine the sex

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4
Q

DNA

gene

A

small section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

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5
Q

DNA

genome

A

the entire set of genetic material in an organism

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6
Q

DNA

where are chromosomes found?

A

nucleus

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7
Q

DNA

allele

A

different version of a particular gene

we get two copies of every chromosome: one from mother, one from father

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8
Q

DNA

homozygous

A

when both alleles are the same

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9
Q

DNA

heterzozygous

A

when alleles are different

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10
Q

DNA

what does it mean when an allele is dominant?

A

it will always be expressed, even if it is paired with a recessive allele

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11
Q

DNA

what does it mean when an allele is recessive?

A

two of that allele need to be paired together for the trait to be expressed

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12
Q

DNA

genotype

A

the two alleles present for a gene

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13
Q

DNA

phenotype

A

the traits of an organism expressed as a result of the genotype

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14
Q

DNA

how many bases code for a single protein?

A

3

this is called a codon

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15
Q

protein synthesis - transcription

transcription

A

the copying of a single gene of DNA to mRNA

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16
Q

protein synthesis - transcription

where does transcription take place?

A

nucleus

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17
Q

protein synthesis - transcription

differences between DNA and mRNA

A

mRNA is shorter than DNA

mRNA is single stranded

mRNA has uracil instead of thymine

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18
Q

protein synthesis - transcription

where does mRNA go when it leaves the nucleus?

A

ribosomes

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19
Q

protein synthesis - translation

translation

A

the combination of amino acids to form a chain of amino acids

a chain of amino acids is also known as a polypeptide

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20
Q

reproduction

fertilisation definition

A

the fusing together of male and female gametes

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21
Q

reproduction

sexual reproduction

A

combination of DNA of two different parents, producing genetically unique offspring

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22
Q

reproduction

asexual reproduction

A

only uses DNA from one parent, producing genetically identical offspring

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23
Q

reproduction

haploid

A

when a cell contains only half the genetic material of a normal cell

gametes are haploid cells (23 chromosomes)

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24
Q

reproduction

diploid

A

have the normal genetic material

body cells are diploid cells

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25
# mitosis process of mitosis
1. DNA forms chromosomes 2. Chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell 3. Cell fibres pull the arms of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell 4. cytokinesis -> the entire cell divides to form two identical daughter cells
26
# mitosis what is mitosis needed for?
- growth - development - repair
27
# meiosis gametes
sex cells
28
# meiosis how many cell divisions occur in meiosis?
2
29
# meiosis how many cells are produced in meiosis?
4
30
# meiosis does meiosis produce genetically **unique** or **identical** offspring?
unique
31
# sexual anatomy of a plant stamen
male reproductive organ contains anther and filament
32
# sexual anatomy of a plant stigma
sticky tip that pollen attaches to
32
# sexual anatomy of a plant anther
where pollen (male gamete) is produced
32
# sexual anatomy of a plant filament
stalk that holds up the anther
32
# sexual anatomy of a plant style
stalk that holds up the stigma pollen tube grows down it
33
# sexual anatomy of a plant carpel
female reproductive organ contains stigma, style and ovary
33
# sexual anatomy of a plant ovary
structure containing the ovules
33
# sexual anatomy of a plant petal
modified leaves that attract insects
33
# sexual anatomy of a plant ovules
female gametes equivalent to eggs in animals
34
# sexual anatomy of a plant sepal
outer, green part of the plant protects the bud as it develops
34
# pollination pollination definition
transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
34
# pollination how are some plants adapted for **insect** pollination?
- brightly coloured petals *(attract insects)* - strong scents *(attract insects)* - nectaries that produce nectar *(attract insects)* - big, sticky pollen grains *(stick to insects' bodies)* - sticky stigmas *(pollen grains will rub off the insects)*
34
# pollination self pollination
transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same plant
34
# pollination cross pollination
transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another
34
# seeds and germination - features of a seed food store
store of lipids + starch for young plant to use until it can carry out photosynthesis
34
# pollination how are some plants adapted for **wind** pollination?
34
# plant fertilisation after plant fertilisation, what does the ovule wall become?
the seed coat
34
# plant fertilisation after plant fertilisation, what does the fertilised ovule become?
the seed
34
# plant fertilisation process of fertilisation in plants
1. **pollination**: pollen grain lands on stigma. this can be assisted by insects or wind 2. **pollen tube** grows out of pollen grain, down the style 3. pollen tube enters the ovary via the **micropyle** 4. male gamete passes down pollen tube and enters ovary, where it **fertilises an ovule**
34
# plant fertilisation after plant fertilisation, what does the ovary become?
the fruit
34
# seeds and germination germination
process controlled by enzymes in which seed develops into a new plant
34
# seeds and germination - features of a seed embryo root and embryo shoot
the young root and shoot that become the adult plant
34
# seeds and germination factors needed for germination
* **water** - *causes seed to swell + activates enzymes for growth* * **oxygen** - *required for aerobic respiration, providing energy needed for growth* * **warmth** - *increases enzyme activity rate, increasing growth rate*
34
# seeds and germination - features of a seed seed coat
tough, protective outer coating
34
# reproductive hormones puberty
period in which adolescents develop secondary sexual characteristics
34
# cloning plants cuttings
1. find a desirable plant 2. cutt off a small part (ideally a shoot) 3. place the cutting in soil with other nutrients + hormones 4. the cutting will grow into a clone of the other plant
34
# menstrual cycle stage 1 (days 1-4)
MENSTRUATION - breaking down of uterine lining
34
# reproductive hormones female secondary sexual characteristics
- development of breasts - widening of hips - menstrual cycle - pubic hair growth
34
# menstrual cycle stage 3 (day 14)
OVULATION - egg is released from the ovaries, making its way down the oviduct
34
# reproductive hormones male secondary sexual characteristics
- deepening of voice - increased muscle mass - broadening of shoulders - pubic hair growth
34
# menstrual cycle stage 2 (days 4-14)
BUILD UP - uterine lining starts to build up again, preparing for an egg
35
# menstrual cycle stage 4 (days 14-28)
MAINTENANCE - uterine lining is maintained in preparation for egg
35
# menstrual cycle - hormones LH (Liutenising hormone)
produced by the pituitary gland stimulates the release of an egg from the ovaries (during ovulation)
35
# menstrual cycle - hormones oestrogen
produced by the ovaries stimulates lining of the uterus to grow inhibits FSH
35
# menstrual cycle - hormones progesterone
produced by the ovaries maintains uterine lining inhibits LH and FSH
36
# menstrual cycle - hormones FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
produced by pituitary gland stimulates an egg in the ovaries to mature
37
# punnet squares AA
homozygous dominant
38
# punnet squares Aa
Heterozygous
39
# punnet squares aa
Homozygous Recessive
40
# variation & evolution variation
a natural difference in characteristics between organisms ## Footnote e.g. eye colour in humans can be caused by genes or environment
41
# variation & evolution genetic variation
variation resulting from different genes
42
# variation & evolution environmental variation
variation caused by the environment / our surroundings ## Footnote also known as acquired characteristics
43
# mutations mutation
a random and rare change in the sequence of bases in the genetic code
44
# mutations kinds of mutation
**deletion**: *where a base is removed* **addition**: *where a base is added* **inversion**: *where the bases swap within their codon*
45
# mutations when do mutations happen?
when there is a mistake in copying DNA during cell division ## Footnote can either happen in mitosis or meiosis
46
# mutations what can cause mutations to occur?
**ionising radiation** such as: - gamma rays - x rays - substances in tobacco smoke, like tar - ultraviolet from the sun OR **naturally**, during cell division
47
# antibiotic resistance what is antibiotic resistance
when bacteria evolve to be able to survive antibiotic exposure
48
# antibiotic resistance process of antibiotic resistance
1. bacteria infect someone 2. that person takes antibiotics to kill the bacteria 3. some bacteria have a random mutation that makes them less susceptible to antibiotics 4. the antibiotics kill all bacteria except those that are less susceptible 5. these bacteria now grow and multiply 6. there is now a strain of bacteria that cant be killed by bacteria

Biology (9 decks)

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