Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Topic 6 - Coordination & Response > Flashcards

Topic 6 - Coordination & Response Flashcards

1
Q

two organ systems needed for coordination

A

endocrine system

nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

neurones

A

different types of nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

adaptations of neurones

A
  • long
  • thin
  • lots of branch connections
  • biological version of a wire
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

process of synapse

A
  • electrical impulse reaches end of nerve
  • pre synaptic nerve releases chemicals called neurotransmitters
  • neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft to post synaptic nerve and trigger another electrical impulse

  • electrical signal is temporarily converted to a chemical signal as it diffuses across synaptic cleft
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the CNS (central nervous system) made up of?

A

brain + spinal cord

like a flower!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

process of immune response

A
  1. stimulus is detected by receptor cells
  2. impulses are sent along sensory neurone to the CNS
  3. relay neurone transfers signal from sensory neurone to motor neurone
  4. motor neurone transfers signal from CNS to effector
  5. effector triggers a response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

reflex arc

A

nerve pathway controlling our unconscious reflexes

reflexes are rapid and automatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

reflex arc - flame example

explain the reflex arc when a hand is near to a flame

A
  1. receptor cells detect a change in temperature, pass a signal along the sensory neurone
  2. the relay neurone transfers the signal from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone
  3. the motor neurone transfers the signal to the effector
  4. the effector stimulates the muscles to move the hand away from the flame
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

eye structure + iris reflex

cornea

A
  • transparent to allow light to pass through
  • no blood vessels -> oxygen diffuses from outside
  • refracts light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

eye structure + iris reflex

iris

A
  • coloured part of the eye
  • controls how big/small the pupil is
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

eye structure + iris reflex

pupil

A
  • gap in the middle of the iris
  • allows light to reach the lens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

eye structure + iris reflex

lens

A
  • refracts light
  • can change its shape, controlling strength of refraction
  • focuses on light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

eye structure + iris reflex

retina

A
  • back of the eye
  • 2 types of receptor cells: cone cells (colour) and rod cells (light)

colour cannot be seen in the dark because only rod cells are working

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

eye structure + iris reflex

fovea

A

spot in the retina full of only cone cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

eye structure + iris reflex

optic nerve

A

takes all impulses generated by receptor cells and transmits to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

effect of bright light on the eye

A

can cause damage to retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

eye structure + iris reflex

iris reflex during bright light

A
  • pupil contracts

this allows less light to enter

contracts = gets smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

eye structure + iris reflex

iris reflex during dim light

A
  • pupil dilates

this allows more light to enter, helps to see in the dark

dilates = gets bigger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

eye structure + iris reflex

iris reflex during dim light - muscle response

A
  1. rod cells detect change in light
  2. circular muscles relax
  3. radial muscles contract
  4. pupil dilates
  5. more light enters

circular muscles always do the same as the pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

eye structure + iris reflex

iris reflex during bright light - muscle response

A
  1. rod cells detect change in light
  2. circular muscles contract
  3. radial muscles relax
  4. pupil contracts
  5. less light enters

circular muscles always do the same as the pupil

bright - light (they rhyme!!)
radial - relax (alliteration)
circular - contract (alliteration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

accomodation

A

the act of focusing the eye to see something close up or far away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

accomodation

which two muscles control accomodation?

A

suspensory + ciliary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

accomodation

accomodation when object is close up - muscle response

A
  • ciliary muscles contract
  • suspensory ligaments slacken
  • lens becomes fatter
  • light is refracted more
24
Q

accomodation

accomodation when object is far away - muscle response

A
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • suspensory ligaments tighten
  • lens becomes thinner
  • light is refracted less
25
# endocrine system features of the endocrine system
- pituitary gland - thyroid - pancreas - adrenal glands - testes - ovaries
26
# endocrine system endocrine system characteristics
- releases chemical substances (**hormones**) into bloodstream - impulses travel **slowly** and are **long-lasting** - for functions that don't need instant responses
27
# endocrine system hormone
* chemical substance produced by a gland * carried in blood * provide a signal which triggers a response
28
# endocrine system role of pituitary gland
makes hormones FSH and LH
29
# endocrine system role of thyroid
controls metabolic rates + affects growth
30
# endocrine system role of pancreas
produces insulin regulates blood glucose levels
31
# endocrine system role of adrenal glands
produce adrenaline
32
# endocrine system role of testes
produce testosterone
33
# endocrine system role of ovaries
produce oestrogen + progesterone
34
# endocrine system - hormones adrenaline
- produced in adrenal glands (above the kidneys) - "fight or flight" - produced when body may be in danger - prepares body for movement by increasing heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, blood flow and blood glucose levels
35
# endocrine system - hormones insulin
- produced in the pancreas - controls blood glucose levels
36
# endocrine system - hormones testosterone
- produced by testes - responsible for puberty in males
37
# endocrine system - hormones progesterone
- produced in ovaries - maintains uterus lining during pregnancy
38
# endocrine system - hormones oestrogen
- produced in ovaries - regulates menstrual cycle - responsible for female puberty
39
homeostasis
control or regulation of internal conditions of a cell or organism ## Footnote it is a negative feedback loop
40
why is homeostasis needed
to maintain optimum conditions for enzyme activity and all cell functions
41
# homeostasis body temperature
- core body temp is 37 degrees C - exceeding this = enzymes denature
42
# homeostasis water levels - too high
1. water content too high 2. pituitary gland releases less ADH 3. collecting ducts are less permeable to water 4. less water is reabsorbed in collecting duct 5. large amounts of concentrated urine
43
# homeostasis water levels - too low
1. water content is too low 2. pituitary gland releases more ADH 3. collecting ducts are more permeable to water 4. more water is reabsorbed in collecting duct 5. small amounts of dilute urine
43
thermoregulation
- the process by which the thermoregulatory system and hypothalamus in the brain control the body's temperature to remain at 37 degrees C
43
# thermoregulation vasodilation
1. body's surface heats up 2. ateriole walls relax, blood vessels dilate 3. more blood flows to surface of skin ## Footnote * more blood also flows so it can be used for muscle contraction * this is why people turn red when they are hot!
44
# thermoregulation vasoconstriction
1. body's surface cools 2. arteriole walls contract, blood vessels constrict 3. less blood can flow to surface of skin 4. blood is diverted to **shunt vessels** deep in the skin to insulate body
44
# thermoregulation how do hair erector muscles react with change of temperature - **TOO LOW**
1. body temperature is too low 2. hair erector muscles contract (goosebumps) 3. blood vessels constrict 4. body shivers to generate kinetic energy + gain heat ## Footnote * by erecting, the hair forms an insulating layer over the skin which traps heat
44
# thermoregulation how does shivering warm up the body?
- muscle contraction - requires energy from respiration - releases heat energy as waste
44
# plant hormones - auxins what do auxins grow in response to?
light -> phototropism gravity -> geotropism
45
# thermoregulation how do hair erector muscles react with change of temperature - **TOO HIGH**
1. body temperature is too high 2. hair erector muscles relax 3. blood vessels dilate 4. sweat is produced in sweat glands
46
# plant hormones - auxins shoots
grow upwards towards light (positive phototropism) away from gravity (negative geotropism
47
# plant hormones - auxins roots
grow downwards away from light (negative phototropism) towards gravity (positive geotropism)
48
# plant hormones - auxins role of auxins in the shoots
to promote cell growth/elongation
49
# plant hormones - auxins role of auxins in the roots
to inhibit cell growth/elongation
50
# plant hormones - auxins process of phototropism
- auxins (**found in tip of shoot**) diffuse across the shoot - auxins grow on side shaded from light - this causes shaded side to grow and elongate - as a result, shoot grows towards light
51
# plant hormones - auxins process of geotropism
- auxins **found on bottom of root due to gravity** - auxins inhibit cell growth, so upper side grows more - as a result, the root grows downwards

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions