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GCSE Chemistry > Topic 7 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Crude Oil?

A

Crude Oil is a mixture of Hydrocarbons.

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2
Q

What is a Hydrocarbon?

A

A Hydrocarbon is any amount of ONLY Hydrogen and Carbon bonded together in a molecule.

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3
Q

What is an Alkane?

A

compounds that consist entirely of single covalently bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms

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4
Q

What are Saturated Hydrocarbons?

A

Alkanes are saturated Hydrocarbons, this means that all the Carbon atoms are connected to eachother with a single covalent bond.

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5
Q

What is the formula of Alkanes?

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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6
Q

How is Crude Oil separated?

A

Crude Oil is separated by Fractional Distillation, this separates crude oil into different fractions.

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7
Q

What are the fractions of Crude Oil made up of?

A

The fractions are made up of molecules of simlar Carbon chain length.

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8
Q

Explain the process used to separate Crude Oil.

Potential 4-6 marker..

A

1.Crude Oil is heated up before entering a fractioning column, to vapourise it into a gas.
2.These gas molecules rise up the column.
3.The column is hotter at the bottom than the top.
4.As the column cools, each fraction condenses at its boiling temperature.
5.This separates the Fractions.

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9
Q

What do we do with the fractions?

A

We often use the fractions as Fuels and Feedstocks.

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10
Q

Which fractions are used as fuels?

A

We use the smaller fractions as fuels - releasing their energy through combustion.

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11
Q

What fractions are used as feedstocks.

A

We use many of the larger chain molecules as feedstocks for other producs, these usually undergo further reactions.

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12
Q

What are feedstocks?

A

Feedstocks are materials that are used to produce something in an industrial process

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13
Q

What does volatility mean?

A

How easy something evaporates

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14
Q

What does viscosity mean?

A

How runny a substance is

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15
Q

What energy is stored in fuels, and how is it released?

A

Chemical store, and it is released by combustion

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16
Q

What is the rule for how the length of the carbon chain effects the substances: flammability, viscosity, boiling point and volatility

A

With a longer carbon chain, the:
1.Flammability decreases
2.volatility decreases
3.boiling point increases
4.viscosity increases

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17
Q

What is the general word equation for the combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbon+oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + Water

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18
Q

What are Alkenes?

A

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons

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19
Q

Why are Alkenes unsaturated?

A

They are unsaturated because they have a double bond between 2 carbon atoms.

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20
Q

How many double bonds are there in each Alkene molecule?

A

ONE

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21
Q

What are the 4 Alkanes you need to remember?

A

1.Methane
2.Ethane
3.Propane
4.Butane

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22
Q

What are the 3 Alkenes you need to remember?

A
  1. Ethene
  2. Propene
  3. Butene
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23
Q

What is the general formula for Alkenes?

A

CnH(2n)

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24
Q

What is an Homologous series?

A

A group of chemicals that behave in a similar way that have the same functional group and general formula.

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25
Q

What is the test for Alkenes?

A

Bromine water goes from orange to colourless when alkene added.

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26
Q

Where do alkenes come from?

A
  1. Longer hydrocarbons have less demand but high supply
  2. Shorter hydrocarbons have high demand but low supply
  3. Longer hydrocarbons are broken using CRACKING.
  4. This produces 2 Hydrocarbons (1Alkene) (1Alkane)
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27
Q

What is cracking?

A

Cracking is when you take a long chain molecule and break it down into shorter ones.

28
Q

Why can we never get 2 alkanes from cracking?

A

There are not enough hydrogen atoms

29
Q

What are the 2 methods of cracking?

A

1.catalytic cracking
2.steam cracking

30
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A

Large alkanes are heated up to vapourise, which is then passed over a catalyst to split.

31
Q

What is steam cracking?

A

Steam cracking is when a large alkane is heated to vapourise, and is mixed with steam heated to high temperature.

32
Q

What are the conditions for cracking?

A
  1. High temperature
  2. Steam OR catalyst
33
Q

What is the equation for combustion of alkenes?

A

Alkene + oxygen –> carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water

34
Q

What happens in an addition reaction involving alkenes.

A
  1. The double bond is broken
  2. The added atoms bond with each half of the broken bond
35
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen into a compound.

36
Q

How do we get alcohol for medicine from ethene?

A

1.Pass steam and ethene through a container and then a condenser
2.The water reacts with ethene to make ethanol(alcohol)

37
Q

How do we separate water and ethanol?

A

simple distillation

38
Q

What is a haloalkane?

A

An alkene which has been saturated using halogens.

39
Q

What are polymers?

A

Polymers are long chains made up if many of the same smaller monomers.

40
Q

How do groups of alkene monomers turn into a polymer?

A
  1. The double bond in each monomer opens up
  2. This allows them to connect to other monomers
  3. This creates a saturated alkane chain
41
Q

What are the names of the first 4 alcohols?

A

1.methanol
2.ethanol
3.propanol
4.butanol

42
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

E.g C2H5OH is ethanol.

43
Q

What happens when you mix the first 4 alcohols in water?

A

It will give a neutral solution.

44
Q

What happens if the first 4 alcohols are oxidised in air?

A

They form carboxylic Acids.

45
Q

What are 3 uses of alcohols?

A
  1. Fuel
  2. Drinks
  3. Solvents
46
Q

Where does alcohol in drinks come from?

A

Fermentation

47
Q

What is the equation for fermentation?

A

(Yeast)
Glucose ——> carbon dioxide + ethanol

48
Q

What conditions are best for fermentation?

A

37°C and slightly acidic solution in anaerobic conditions are best.

49
Q

Why does fermentation require certain conditions?

A

Yeast enzymes are biological catalysts, so they can be denatured in the wrong conditions

50
Q

What are the first 4 carboxylic acids?

A
  1. Methanoic acid
  2. Ethanoic acid
  3. Propanoic acid
  4. Butanoic acid
51
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)COOH

52
Q

What are the properties of carboxylic acids?

A
  1. They are weak acids, so they only partially ionise to release H+ ions
  2. They only undergo reaction with carbonates to produce:
    carboxylic acid + metal carbonate ———–> metal (carboxyl)anoate + water + carbon dioxide
53
Q

How do we form carboxylic acids?

A

Alcohols can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids

54
Q

What is the general word equations for carboxylic acids forming Esters?

A

Carboxylic acid + alcohol –> Ester + Water

e.g ethanol + ethanoic acid –> ethyl ethanoate + water

55
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

COOH

56
Q

What is the test for an alkene?

A

Bromine water goes from orange to colourless.

57
Q

What is the alcohol functional group?

A

OH

58
Q

What is the Ester functional group?

A

-COO-

59
Q

What is condenstation polymerisation?

A
  1. Involves 2 monomers with difference functional groups
  2. Monomers react together and a bond forms between them
  3. For each new bond, a small molecule is lost.
60
Q

What are some naturally occuring polymers?

A
  1. protein
  2. DNA
  3. Sugars
61
Q

What are some naturally occuring monomers?

A
  1. Amino acids
  2. Glucose
  3. nucleotides
62
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

bases

63
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A
  1. Made of 2 polymer chains
  2. In a double helix shape
  3. Made up of nucleotide monomers.
64
Q

What are the functional groups of amino acid?

A
  1. Amino group(NH2)
  2. Carboxyl group(COOH)
65
Q

How do amino acids form polypeptides?

A

Via condensation polymerisation

GCSE Chemistry (12 decks)

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