Topic 7 - Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is Crude Oil?

Answer 1

Crude Oil is a mixture of Hydrocarbons.

Question 2

What is a Hydrocarbon?

Answer 2

A Hydrocarbon is any amount of ONLY Hydrogen and Carbon bonded together in a molecule.

Question 3

What is an Alkane?

Answer 3

compounds that consist entirely of single covalently bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 4

What are Saturated Hydrocarbons?

Answer 4

Alkanes are saturated Hydrocarbons, this means that all the Carbon atoms are connected to eachother with a single covalent bond.

Question 5

What is the formula of Alkanes?

Answer 5

C(n)H(2n+2)

Question 6

How is Crude Oil separated?

Answer 6

Crude Oil is separated by Fractional Distillation, this separates crude oil into different fractions.

Question 7

What are the fractions of Crude Oil made up of?

Answer 7

The fractions are made up of molecules of simlar Carbon chain length.

Question 8

Explain the process used to separate Crude Oil.

Potential 4-6 marker..

Answer 8

1.Crude Oil is heated up before entering a fractioning column, to vapourise it into a gas.
2.These gas molecules rise up the column.
3.The column is hotter at the bottom than the top.
4.As the column cools, each fraction condenses at its boiling temperature.
5.This separates the Fractions.

Question 9

What do we do with the fractions?

Answer 9

We often use the fractions as Fuels and Feedstocks.

Question 10

Which fractions are used as fuels?

Answer 10

We use the smaller fractions as fuels - releasing their energy through combustion.

Question 11

What fractions are used as feedstocks.

Answer 11

We use many of the larger chain molecules as feedstocks for other producs, these usually undergo further reactions.

Question 12

What are feedstocks?

Answer 12

Feedstocks are materials that are used to produce something in an industrial process

Question 13

What does volatility mean?

Answer 13

How easy something evaporates

Question 14

What does viscosity mean?

Answer 14

How runny a substance is

Question 15

What energy is stored in fuels, and how is it released?

Answer 15

Chemical store, and it is released by combustion

Question 16

What is the rule for how the length of the carbon chain effects the substances: flammability, viscosity, boiling point and volatility

Answer 16

With a longer carbon chain, the:
1.Flammability decreases
2.volatility decreases
3.boiling point increases
4.viscosity increases

Question 17

What is the general word equation for the combustion of hydrocarbons?

Answer 17

Hydrocarbon+oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + Water

Question 18

What are Alkenes?

Answer 18

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons

Question 19

Why are Alkenes unsaturated?

Answer 19

They are unsaturated because they have a double bond between 2 carbon atoms.

Question 20

How many double bonds are there in each Alkene molecule?

Answer 20

ONE

Question 21

What are the 4 Alkanes you need to remember?

Answer 21

1.Methane
2.Ethane
3.Propane
4.Butane

Question 22

What are the 3 Alkenes you need to remember?

Answer 22

1. Ethene
2. Propene
3. Butene

Question 23

What is the general formula for Alkenes?

Answer 23

CnH(2n)

Question 24

What is an Homologous series?

Answer 24

A group of chemicals that behave in a similar way that have the same functional group and general formula.

Question 25

What is the test for Alkenes?

Answer 25

Bromine water goes from orange to colourless when alkene added.

Question 26

Where do alkenes come from?

Answer 26

1. Longer hydrocarbons have less demand but high supply 2. Shorter hydrocarbons have high demand but low supply 3. Longer hydrocarbons are broken using CRACKING. 4. This produces 2 Hydrocarbons (1Alkene) (1Alkane)

Question 27

What is cracking?

Answer 27

Cracking is when you take a long chain molecule and break it down into shorter ones.

Question 28

Why can we never get 2 alkanes from cracking?

Answer 28

There are not enough hydrogen atoms

Question 29

What are the 2 methods of cracking?

Answer 29

1.catalytic cracking 2.steam cracking

Question 30

What is catalytic cracking?

Answer 30

Large alkanes are heated up to vapourise, which is then passed over a catalyst to split.

Question 31

What is steam cracking?

Answer 31

Steam cracking is when a large alkane is heated to vapourise, and is mixed with steam heated to high temperature.

Question 32

What are the conditions for cracking?

Answer 32

1. High temperature 2. Steam OR catalyst

Question 33

What is the equation for combustion of alkenes?

Answer 33

Alkene + oxygen --> carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water

Question 34

What happens in an addition reaction involving alkenes.

Answer 34

1. The double bond is broken 2. The added atoms bond with each half of the broken bond

Question 35

What is hydrogenation?

Answer 35

Reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen into a compound.

Question 36

How do we get alcohol for medicine from ethene?

Answer 36

1.Pass steam and ethene through a container and then a condenser 2.The water reacts with ethene to make ethanol(alcohol)

Question 37

How do we separate water and ethanol?

Answer 37

simple distillation

Question 38

What is a haloalkane?

Answer 38

An alkene which has been saturated using halogens.

Question 39

What are polymers?

Answer 39

Polymers are long chains made up if many of the same smaller monomers.

Question 40

How do groups of alkene monomers turn into a polymer?

Answer 40

1. The double bond in each monomer opens up 2. This allows them to connect to other monomers 3. This creates a saturated alkane chain

Question 41

What are the names of the first 4 alcohols?

Answer 41

1.methanol 2.ethanol 3.propanol 4.butanol

Question 42

What is the general formula for alcohols?

Answer 42

CnH2n+1OH | E.g C2H5OH is ethanol.

Question 43

What happens when you mix the first 4 alcohols in water?

Answer 43

It will give a neutral solution.

Question 44

What happens if the first 4 alcohols are oxidised in air?

Answer 44

They form carboxylic Acids.

Question 45

What are 3 uses of alcohols?

Answer 45

1. Fuel 2. Drinks 3. Solvents

Question 46

Where does alcohol in drinks come from?

Answer 46

Fermentation

Question 47

What is the equation for fermentation?

Answer 47

(Yeast) Glucose ------> carbon dioxide + ethanol

Question 48

What conditions are best for fermentation?

Answer 48

37°C and slightly acidic solution in anaerobic conditions are best.

Question 49

Why does fermentation require certain conditions?

Answer 49

Yeast enzymes are biological catalysts, so they can be denatured in the wrong conditions

Question 50

What are the first 4 carboxylic acids?

Answer 50

1. Methanoic acid 2. Ethanoic acid 3. Propanoic acid 4. Butanoic acid

Question 51

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

Answer 51

C(n)H(2n+1)COOH

Question 52

What are the properties of carboxylic acids?

Answer 52

1. They are weak acids, so they only partially ionise to release H+ ions 2. They only undergo reaction with carbonates to produce: carboxylic acid + metal carbonate -----------> metal (carboxyl)anoate + water + carbon dioxide

Question 53

How do we form carboxylic acids?

Answer 53

Alcohols can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids

Question 54

What is the general word equations for carboxylic acids forming Esters?

Answer 54

Carboxylic acid + alcohol --> Ester + Water | e.g ethanol + ethanoic acid --> ethyl ethanoate + water

Question 55

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

Answer 55

COOH

Question 56

What is the test for an alkene?

Answer 56

Bromine water goes from orange to colourless.

Question 57

What is the alcohol functional group?

Answer 57

OH

Question 58

What is the Ester functional group?

Answer 58

-COO-

Question 59

What is condenstation polymerisation?

Answer 59

1. Involves 2 monomers with difference functional groups 2. Monomers react together and a bond forms between them 3. For each new bond, a small molecule is lost.

Question 60

What are some naturally occuring polymers?

Answer 60

1. protein 2. DNA 3. Sugars

Question 61

What are some naturally occuring monomers?

Answer 61

1. Amino acids 2. Glucose 3. nucleotides

Question 62

What are nucleotides made of?

Answer 62

bases

Question 63

Describe the structure of DNA

Answer 63

1. Made of 2 polymer chains 2. In a double helix shape 3. Made up of nucleotide monomers.

Question 64

What are the functional groups of amino acid?

Answer 64

1. Amino group(NH2) 2. Carboxyl group(COOH)

Question 65

How do amino acids form polypeptides?

Answer 65

Via condensation polymerisation