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GCSE Chemistry > Topic 1 - Atomic structure and the periodic table > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Atomic structure and the periodic table Flashcards

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1
Q

What did John Dalton discover about the atom

A

John Dalton said that atoms were solid spheres (billiard balls), and different spheres make up the different elements.

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2
Q

What model did JJ.Thomson discover?

A

The plum pudding model

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3
Q

What is the plum budding model?

A

The atom was a general ball of positive charge, with negatively charged particles within.

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4
Q

What did Ernest Rutherford do?

A

He fired alpha particles at a sheet of gold, and discovered that the alpha particles were deflected to the side and even backwards instead of straight through.

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5
Q

What did Ernest Rutherford discover?

A

The Rutherford Nuclear model.

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6
Q

What was the Rutherford’s nuclear model?

A

A compact nucleus of positive charge, with a cloud of negative charge around it.

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7
Q

What did Niels Bohr discover?

A

He discovered that electrons were orbiting the nucleus, and held in shells. This prevents the atom from collapsing.

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8
Q

What did Rutherford discover later?

A

The nucleus had protons within it.

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9
Q

What did James chadwick discover?

A

There are also neutrons in the nucleus.

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10
Q

What is the timeline for the history of the atom?

A

1.Atomic theory
2.John Dalton (1800s)
3.J.J Thomson(1897)
4.Ernest Rutherford (1909)
5.Niels Bohr(1913)
6.Ernest Rutherford(>1913)
7.James Chadwick(>1913)

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11
Q

What is an element?

A
  1. An element is a substance made up of only 1 type of atom.
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12
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Isotopes are different forms of the same element, which have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

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13
Q

What does filtration do?

A

Seperates insoluble solids from liquids.

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14
Q

What 2 ways can be used to seperate a soluble solid from a solution?

A

1.Evaporation
2.Crystallisation

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14
Q

What is distillation for?

A

Seperating liquid from a solution, as long as the substances have very different boiling points.

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15
Q

What is fractional distillation used for?

A

To separate a mixture of liquids out.

16
Q

How was the periodic table ordered before?

A

In order of atomic weight, and properties of the elements were never taken into account.

17
Q

How did Mendeleev order the periodic table?

A
  1. elements with similar properties were put in groups together
  2. Ordered it by atomic mass
  3. He left gaps in the table to make sure that the elements with similar properties stayed together
  4. The gaps allowed us to predict what the properties of undiscovered elements were.
18
Q

What are the physical properties of metals?

A

1.Metals are stronger, but malleable
2.Metals are good conductors
3.Metals have higher boiling/melting points

19
Q

What are the physical properties of non-metals?

A

1.Dull
2.brittle
3.lower melting/boiling point
4.don’t generally conduct electricity
5.Often have lower density.

20
Q

What different properties do transition metals have against group 1 metals?

A

1.Transition metals are stronger, denser and harder
2.Transition metals make ions are of different colours
3.Transition metals make good catalysts
4.Transition metals have higher melting/boiling points

21
Q

What are the properties of group 0 elements?

A

1.monoatomic
2.colourles gases at room temp
3.non-flammable
4.inert

22
Q

What happens to the boiling point as you go down group 0

A

It increases due to the increase in the number of electrons, leading to greater intermolecular forces.

23
Q

Describe a group 1 metal reaction with chlorine

A
  1. Reacts vigorously when heated in chlorine gas, to form metal chloride salts.
  2. Reaction gets more vigorous the further down the group
24
Q

Describe the group 1 reaction with oxygen.

A
  1. Forms metal oxide
  2. Sodium can make sodium oxide/peroxide
  3. Potassium can make potassium peroxide/superoxide.
25
Q

What colours are the group 7 elements?

A

1.Flourine is yellow gas
2.CHlorine is dense green gas
3.Bromine is dense red-brown volatile liquid
4.Iodine is a darke grey solid/purple vapour.

26
Q

What is the trend in group 7?

A

1.Less reactive down the group, as it is harder to gain an electron.
2. Higher melting and boiling points

27
Q

What is the radius of a nucleus?

A

1/10000 of the radius of an atom

28
Q

Describe the group 1 reaction with water

A

1.They creact vigorously to produce hydrogen gas and metal hydroxides
2.The more vigorous, the further down the group

29
Q

What is the method for chromatography

A

1.Draw a line in pencil near the bopttom of a sheet of filter paper.
2.Add a spot of the ink to the line and place the sheet in a beaker of solvent like water, where the line is above the waterline
3.The solvent depends on the substance being tested
4.PLace a lid over the container
5.The different dyes in the ink will move up the paper at different rates, being separated ou
6.. If any inks are insoluble itll stay at the pencil line
7.. Once the solvent has nearly reached the top of the paper, take it out and leave it to dry
8.This leaves you with a chromatogram

30
Q

What is the method for crystallisation?

A
  1. Pour the solution into an evaporating dish
  2. Gently heat this with a bunsen burner over a water bath
  3. Once crystals begin to form, take it off the heat, and leave it to cool
  4. The crystals will fully form in the cold, and then you can filter it out and pat them dry.
31
Q

What is the method for distillation?

A

1.Heat the solution in a flasl with a bunsen burner
2.The part of the solution with the lowest boiling point evaporates first
3.The vapour is cooled through a condenser, and a pure liquid comes out into a beaker

32
Q

What is the method for fractional distillation?

A
  1. Pour mixture into a flask, and place a fractionating column on top.
  2. The different liquids will all have different boiling points, so they evaporate at different temps
  3. The liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates first, and reaches the top of the column where it is coolest
  4. It then passes throgh a condenser and falls into a beaker
  5. Repeat for all the other liquids in the mixture.

GCSE Chemistry (12 decks)

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