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BIOL 107 > TOPIC 7: Metabolism > Flashcards

TOPIC 7: Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

The totality of an organisms chemical reactions

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Metabolic pathways begin with a ______ or _____ and end with a product

A

Substrate, pathway

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3
Q

True or false:Each step of metabolism is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

A

True

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4
Q

What are the two types of metabolic pathways?

A

Catabolic pathways and metabolic pathways

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5
Q

What is a catabolic pathway

A

Process that RELEASES ENERGY by BREAKING DOWN complex molecules into simpler molecules

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6
Q

Do catabolic pathways release energy

A

Yes

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7
Q

Give one example of a catabolic pathway

A

Cellular resp bc they make ATP

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8
Q

What are Anabolic pathways?

A

Process where energy is consumed and BUILDS complex molecules

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9
Q

What is an example of an anabolic pathway

A

Any synthesis of a molecule in the body
Ex protein synthesis

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10
Q

What is bioenergetics

A

The study of how organism manage their energy resources

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11
Q

What are the 4 forms of energy

A

Chemical, kinetic, thermal and potential

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12
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics say

A

The amount of energy in the universe is constant (bc energy is created but never destroyed)

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13
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics

A

Every energy transformation in the universe increases entropy (disorder) in the universe

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14
Q

Why is their entropy in hte universe

A

Because:
-energy transformations aren’t perfect (energy lost as heat, friction, etc.)

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15
Q

Entropy always ______ in the universe

A

Increases

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16
Q

True or false: biological systems are low entropy systems

A

True

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17
Q

What type of reaction would decrease entropy in a cell?

A

Anabolic reactions because energy is absorbed

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18
Q

What is (gibbs) free energy?

A

A measure of a systems instability in a living cell and a living systems tendancy to change to a more stable state

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19
Q

Is equillibrium a state of maximum stability

A

Yes

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20
Q

What does a high free energy value (G) mean?

A
  • less entropy
  • system is instable
    -system is complex and organized
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21
Q

What does a low G-value mean?

A
  • high entropy
    -system is disordered
    -system is ramdomized
    -equillibirum(stable)
22
Q

Is metabolism at equillibrium? If not explain why?

A

No because metabollic systems are always opened systems

23
Q

Cells are not in ______ because they are open systems

A

Equillibirum

24
Q

Reactions in a closed systems eventually reach ______ but they do not do ______

A

Equillibirum
Work

25
Q

Will a constant input of energy and matter give us a high or low G-value?

A

A low G-value (due to equillibirum and work)

26
Q

What are the three kinds of cellular work?

A
  • chemical: building biological molecules
  • transport
  • mechanical (movement)
27
Q

Energy from exergonic and energonic are ______

A

Paired/coupled

28
Q

True or false To do work, cells manage energy resources by energy coupling

A

True

29
Q

True or false, bonds between the phosphate of groups in ATP can be broken off for other biological processes

A

True

30
Q

The name of a molecule when ATP breaks off one phosphate group

A

ADP
(Adenosine diphosphate)

31
Q

What is energy coupling in a reaction?

A

A reaction that involves ATP and a phosphate group is shared with one of the molecules

32
Q

Chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed

A

Catalyst

33
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A catalytic protein that breaks down substrates

34
Q

If a word ends in ase, its most likely an ___?

A

Enzyme

35
Q

The initial energy required to start a chemical reaction

A

Activation energy

36
Q

How do enzymes and catalysts affect the activation energy? What do they not effect

A

There will be a lower activation energy on the graph.
Enzymes and catalysts dont effect change in free energy (G)

37
Q

What needs to go into an enzyme so that the enzyme can act upon it?

A

Substrate

38
Q

What is the active site

A

The site in the enzymes where a substrate perfectly fits/binds in

39
Q

4 ways the active site can lower activation energy

A

1) orientate substrates in the correct position
2) break bonds in substrate
3) creating a favourable environment for the reaction to happen (pH, tempurature)
4)covanlently bond to substrate

40
Q

What are two things that effect enzymatic activity

A

PH and temperature
(And chemicals)

41
Q

What happens to an enzyme if the tempurature is too hot

A

Proteins unravel

42
Q

What if an enzyme is too cold? What will happen?

A

The enzyme will become frozen and no work will be done

43
Q

What is an inorganic enzyme helper called

A

Cofactors

44
Q

What is an organic cofacter called for an enzyme

A

Co-enzyme

45
Q

What are two types of enzyme inhibitors?

A

Competative and non-competative

46
Q

What do competative inhibitors do?

A

This inhibitors bind to the active site, allowing the substrate to not perfectly fit in

47
Q

What do non competative inhibitors do?

A

Bind to an enzymes allosteric site, doing this causes a change in shape to the enzyme

48
Q

Regulating enzyme activity helps control metabolism

A

True

49
Q

Two ways a cell regulates metabolism?

A
  • using and making inhibitors
  • turning on and off genes that make enzymes
50
Q

True or false: all enzymes have inactive and active forms

A

True

BIOL 107 (5 decks)

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