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biology > topic 7 - genetics, populations, genetics and ecosystems > Flashcards

topic 7 - genetics, populations, genetics and ecosystems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genotype defneiton

A

the genetic constituition of an organism ( the allels it has for a gene )

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2
Q

phenotype deff

A

the expression of the genes and its interactoin with the environemtn

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3
Q

homozygous deff

A

a pair of homologoups chormozones carryinf the same allels for a single gene

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4
Q

heterozygous

A

a pair of hologous chromozones carrying two different alles for a single gene

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5
Q

rescessive allels

A

an allele only expressed if no dominant allele is present

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6
Q

dominant allels

A

an allele that will always be expressed in the phenotype

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7
Q

codominant deff

A

both allels are equally dominant and expressed in the phenotype

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8
Q

multiple allels

A

more than two allels for a single gene

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9
Q

sex linkage

A

a gene whos locus is on the x chromozones

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10
Q

autosomal linkage

A

genes that are locasted on the same chromozone ( not the sex chromozone )

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11
Q

epistasis deff

A

when one gene modifies or masks the expression of a different gene at a different locus

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12
Q

monogybrid

A

genetic inheretence cross of a charachteristic determined by one gene

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13
Q

dihybrid

A

genetic inheretence cross for a chaterchterisctis determined by two genes

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14
Q

what does crossing over reuslt in?

A

new combos of allels in the gametes, this means the gametws in your punnet square may differ

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15
Q

autosomonal linkage impact predicted gametes

A

allels for each gene linked on the same chromozome will be inhereted together so?

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16
Q

three types of selectoin

A

stabalising
selectional
disruptive

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17
Q

what is disruptive selection

A

indivuduals containing alleles coding for either extreme trait are more likely to survive and pass om htier allels, the allele frwuencey changed and more individuals possess the allsle for the extreme trait
contunided disruptive selectoin can ultimately lead to speciation

18
Q

speciation is…

A

the process that results in the creation of a new species

19
Q

speciation occurs when one og population of the same species become _ iscolted

A

repodcutively iscolasted
this iscolation means there are now teo popilations of the same species but can not breed together

20
Q

speciation can result in accumulation of…

A

differences in their gene pools to the extent that two populatoins would be unable to interbreed to make fertile ofspring
therefore clasified as two different species

21
Q

what is allopatric speciation

A

populations become seperated geographically leading to reporductive iscolation
e.g mountain ranges

22
Q

what is sympatric speciation

A

populations can be repoductively iscolated due to differenced in their behaviout
this could imact reproductivr behvaiour e.g it may cause indivuals to perfom different courtship rituals for indidivuals to be fertile at different times of the year

23
Q

what is genetic drift

A

the change in allele frequence within a population between generations
there will alwayds be genetci drift from one generatoin to the next but continual substantial genetic drift results in evolution
the smaller popuation is the bigger the impact allel feuwncy changed have proportionally
this is why evolution often occurs more rapidly in smaller populations

24
Q

popualtion defenition

A

group of orgnims of the same soecies living in the same habitat

25
Q

habitat deff

A

part of an ecosystem in wich paeticilar orgnaisms live

26
Q

community deff

A

all populations of diiferent species in the same area at the same time

27
Q

ecosystem deff

A

a comunity and the non living componants of an environment ( biotic and abiotic factors ) can range in size

28
Q

niche

A

an organisms role within an ecosystem including their position in the food web and habitat. each species occupied thier own niche goverend by adaptation to both abiotic and biotic factors

29
Q

carrying capscity deff

A

the maximum population size an ecosystem can support

30
Q

difference between abiotic and biotic factors

A

abiotic - non lving components of an ecosystem

31
Q

what are biotic factors

A

biotic fasctors and the living components of an ecosystem interacting together such as interspecific and intradpecific competion and predation can also affect pop size

32
Q

interspecific competiton

A

members of different soecies are in coetion for the same rescporce that is in limited suply

33
Q

intraspecific competiton

A

when members of the same speciies are in compettion for resepoces and a mate

34
Q

why do we sample?

A

more time effiecient
if impletmented correctly it can be mroe accurate

35
Q

sampels must accurately represent the pop. this is ensured by:

A

random sampling in uniform areas to eliminrate bias
live transects to examine a change over distance
large number of samples ( 30+ )

36
Q

steps to a random sampling method

A
  1. lie two tape measures at a right angle to creat a gridded area
  2. use a random number generator to generate two co ordinates
  3. place the quadrat and collect the data
  4. repeat at least 30x and calculate a mean
37
Q

line transpects are used to estimate?

A

populatoin size when they are unevenley distrubuted e.g populations wich chasnge over distance

38
Q

common example of where we use line transects

A

sandy / rockey shores
across a path or river

39
Q

two types of transect

A

belt transect - the quadrat is palced at every position along the tape measure
interrupted transect - the quadrat is placed at unifrom intervals along the tape measure e.g every 5 mitres

40
Q

line transects method

A
  1. place the tpae measure at a right angle to the shore line
  2. place the quadrat every 5 mitres / every position
  3. collect the data ( density / % cover / local freuqnecy
  4. repet by plcing another 30 transects along the beach at right angled to the shore line

biology (5 decks)

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